與西方城市相比，中國(guó)城市是什么樣的?

In other parts of Chinese cities, you might find ultra-modern architecture, luxury shopping centers, fashionable high-rises, and whimsical public art:A number of Chinese cities were essentially colonized by England, France, Germany, Japan, or Russia during the 19th century. In those cities, the foreign colonizers left their imprint in architecture that still stands today. Today, these “foreign style” streets are often Chinese hipster districts full of bars and coffeeshops.

在中國(guó)城市某部分區(qū)域，你可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)超現(xiàn)代的建筑、奢華的購(gòu)物中心、時(shí)尚的高層建筑和異想天開(kāi)的公共藝術(shù)。這些建筑都是外國(guó)殖民者在城市里留下的印記，至今仍然屹立不倒。（在19世紀(jì)時(shí)候，中國(guó)許多城市被英國(guó)、法國(guó)、德國(guó)、日本或俄羅斯所殖民。）如今，這些“洋風(fēng)格”的街道往往是酒吧和咖啡店集中的中國(guó)時(shí)尚街區(qū)。

One feature common to every Chinese city is at least one “walking street” which is similar to the “high street” common to most European cities, and is home to major brand name shops.
At Chinese New Year, Chinese cities transform themselves much as Western cities do at Christmastime, with colorful decorations everywhere:
It’s very common to find traditional elements in Chinese cities, such as temples and gates 。

每個(gè)中國(guó)城市有一條“步行街”，與大多數(shù)歐洲城市 “商業(yè)街”相似，是主要品牌商店的所在地。
在中國(guó)過(guò)新年期間，中國(guó)的城市會(huì)如同西方的城市在圣誕節(jié)期間裝扮自己一樣，到處張燈結(jié)彩。
在中國(guó)的城市中最常見(jiàn)的傳統(tǒng)元素，就是寺廟和大門(mén)。

It’s not uncommon to find the old and new mixed in the same urban tableau.If you were to travel back to 500 years ago, you’d find that, apart from differences in architectural styles, Chinese cities and “Western” cities (i.e. European cities) were quite similar, in both form and function.

在同一個(gè)城市可以經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代建筑和傳統(tǒng)建筑混合在一起。如果追溯到500年前，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了建筑風(fēng)格的差異，中國(guó)城市和西方城市（即歐洲城市），建筑格局和功能上都非常相似。

In the pre-modern era, the majority of people in both China and Europe lived in rural areas and engaged in agricultural work (usually some form of serfdom). Only a minority of people (around 10%) lived in cities. These were traders, merchants, and the military, religious and political elite. Both European and Chinese cities were typically surrounded by defensive walls, and located along rivers or coastlines. The cities were densely inhabited and compact , small enough to walk from one end to the other in less than a day. Streets were narrow, wide enough for pedestrians and horses.

在進(jìn)入現(xiàn)代化以前，中國(guó)和歐洲的大多數(shù)人都生活在農(nóng)村，從事農(nóng)業(yè)工作（通常是某種形式的農(nóng)奴制）。只有少數(shù)人（約10%）住在城市。這些人是商人、軍人、宗教和政治精英。歐洲和中國(guó)的城市通常都被城墻包圍，并位于護(hù)城河內(nèi)。這些城市人口密集，占地面積小到從一頭走到另一頭甚至用不了一天時(shí)間。城市街道狹窄，僅僅足夠行人和馬匹通行。
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Here are some examples of traditional Chinese urban form that still exists today.
Lijiang old town. Although much of the old town was destroyed in an earthquake in 1996 and most of the “old-looking” buildings today are in fact modern reproductions, the historic maze-like urban form has been preserved, much to the delight of the millions of tourists who stroll through its cobblestone lanes every year.

以下是至今仍然存在的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)城市形態(tài)的例子。麗江古城，盡管在1996年的一次地震中，老城區(qū)的大部分被摧毀，如今大多數(shù)“看上去很舊”的建筑實(shí)際上都是現(xiàn)代復(fù)制品，但這座有歷史的迷宮狀的城市形態(tài)仍然保留下來(lái)，每年都會(huì)有數(shù)百萬(wàn)游客心情愉悅地在這些一直保存原樣的鵝卵石小道上漫步。
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Chinese and Western cities began to diverge in the 19th century when twin processes of industrialization and urbanization played out in tandem. With the introduction of railroads, and later automobiles, Western cities rapidly expand behind their pre-modern footprints into newly built suburbs (sometimes known as “streetcar suburbs”). No longer was the city limited in size to the distance one could walk in a day’s time. At the same time, transformations in the political economy of western nations meant more and more people were moving to cities in search of opportunity. At the turn of the 20th century, the progressive political movement played out in cities as the birth of modern urban planning, with the “City Beautiful” movement promoting the public goods of infrastructure, sewers, public parks, and mass transit.

中西方城市在19世紀(jì)開(kāi)始發(fā)展不同步了，在當(dāng)時(shí)的西方，工業(yè)化和城市化齊頭并進(jìn)。隨著鐵路和后來(lái)的汽車的引入，西方城市的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程迅速擴(kuò)展到新建的郊區(qū)（有時(shí)被稱為“有軌電車郊區(qū)”）。從此一座城市的規(guī)模不再局限于一天步行的距離。與此同時(shí)，伴隨西方國(guó)家政治經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)型，越來(lái)越多的人搬到城市尋找機(jī)會(huì)。20世紀(jì)初，隨著現(xiàn)代城市的誕生，政治運(yùn)動(dòng)在城市中展開(kāi)，“美好城市”運(yùn)動(dòng)促進(jìn)了基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、下水道、公園和公共交通等公共設(shè)施的發(fā)展。

All the while, as Western cities were growing in population, area, and prosperity, Chinese cities remained in a state of arrested development. At the turn of the 20th century, China was still governed by the weak Qing Dynasty, and the majority of its people were peasants residing in rural villages. There was some early efforts at urban modernization in China at this time. The governments of Germany, France, England, and Russia managed sections of Chinese cities known “concessions” extracted from the weak Qing government, and in these areas they introduced modern architecture, gridiron street networks, sewers, and streetcars. But then China was plunged into a half century of chaos, with the Xinhai Revolution, the Warlord era, World War II, and the com...st-National Civil War.

西方城市在人口、面積和繁榮方面不斷提高，此時(shí)中國(guó)城市卻處于發(fā)展停滯狀態(tài)。20世紀(jì)初，中國(guó)仍處于清朝的統(tǒng)治之下，大多數(shù)人是農(nóng)村的農(nóng)民。在這個(gè)時(shí)期，中國(guó)在城市現(xiàn)代化方面處于萌芽階段。有些城市被稱為“租界”， 他們是德國(guó)、法國(guó)、英國(guó)和俄羅斯從軟弱的清政府那里獲得并直接管理，在這些地區(qū)，他們引進(jìn)了現(xiàn)代建筑、網(wǎng)格街道、下水道和有軌電車。但隨后中國(guó)陷入了半個(gè)世紀(jì)的混亂期，在這期間經(jīng)過(guò)辛亥革命、軍閥時(shí)代、第二次世界大戰(zhàn)和中國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。

It’s fair to say that in 1976, at the time of M’s death, the contrast between Chinese cities and their Western counterparts was the starkest in history. At this point, Western cities had undergone the upheaval of modernism, reached majority urbanization, and were already entering with a new era of consumer industry-led post-modernism, deindustrialization, A visitor to a Chinese city at this same point in time, on the other hand, would have found that little had changed in 100 years. That same visitor would have founds streets devoid of cars, and filled instead with bicycles. All of that would change rapidly at the helm of China’s new, market-led leadership under D.

可以說(shuō)，1976年之后時(shí)，中國(guó)城市與西方城市的對(duì)比是歷史上最鮮明的。此時(shí)，西方城市已經(jīng)經(jīng)過(guò)現(xiàn)代化的建設(shè)，達(dá)到了大多數(shù)城市化的程度，并且已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)以消費(fèi)業(yè)為主導(dǎo)的后現(xiàn)代、去工業(yè)化的新時(shí)代。另一方面，如果游客在此時(shí)去中國(guó)城市旅游，也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)城市近100年來(lái)幾乎沒(méi)有什么變化。同樣會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)街道上沒(méi)有汽車，只有隨處可見(jiàn)的自行車。所有這些都將在中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放迅速改變。

Housing is one area where Chinese cities diverge significantly from Western cities. The vast majority of housing in Chinese cities is in the form of apartment buildings. In this, the divergence between Chinese cities and American cities is more acute than that between Chinese cities and European cities. Single-family homes (literally, “mansions” in Chinese) are rare and extremely rare. Moreover, most Chinese cities mandate that single-family homes are only allowed in the distant suburbs far outside the city center.

?住房是中國(guó)城市與西方城市明顯不同的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。中國(guó)城市的絕大多數(shù)住房都是公寓大樓。在這一點(diǎn)上，中國(guó)城市和美國(guó)城市之間的差異比中國(guó)城市和歐洲城市之間的差異更為巨大。獨(dú)棟住宅（中文意為“豪宅”）非常罕見(jiàn)。此外，大多數(shù)中國(guó)城市規(guī)定，獨(dú)棟住宅只能在遠(yuǎn)離市中心的遠(yuǎn)郊區(qū)使用。

Apartment housing in China can be divided into two main types: socialist era danwei apartments and market era apartment high-rises. Socialist era housing dates from the 1950s - 1980s. Residents did not pay any rents. Apartments were provided for free by one’s work unit. That said, conditions were poor and a large family (remember, this is before the one child policy was instituted) could expect to share cramped living space. Apartment buildings were functionalist and minimalist, with unfinished concrete facades, and a uniform walkup height of seven stories. Most of these apartments lacked kitchen and bathroom facilities, residents relied on shared common facilities instead.

我國(guó)的公寓式住宅可分為兩大類型：計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的單位集資公寓和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的高層公寓。計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的集資住房可以追溯到20世紀(jì)50-80年代，居民不付房租。公寓由工作單位免費(fèi)提供。也就是說(shuō)，條件很差，可能一個(gè)大家庭共享狹小的生活空間（記住，這是在獨(dú)生子女政策實(shí)施之前）。公寓建筑是功能主義者和極簡(jiǎn)主義者，有未完工的混凝土外墻，統(tǒng)一的樓層高度為7層。這些公寓大多缺乏私人廚房和浴室設(shè)施，居民則依賴共用的公共設(shè)施。

Wang Sisuo,
To be honest, I am sick of all those night view city pictures of China. Can’t you guys find something different? It really looks like propaganda to me now if you keep doing this.

老實(shí)說(shuō)，我討厭看那些中國(guó)夜景城市的照片。你們找不到不一樣的東西嗎？如果你繼續(xù)這樣拍城市夜景的話，在我看來(lái)就像是做宣傳。
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Having traveled to more than 600 cities in the world. I think what attracted me the most about Chinese cities are not those high rises. They actually look quite ugly in most cases, if you put them in a daylight picture. Even though they are getting a lot better these days.

我去過(guò)世界上600多個(gè)城市。我認(rèn)為中國(guó)城市最吸引我的不是那些高樓大廈。因?yàn)槿绻阍诎滋炫恼盏脑?，盡管他們現(xiàn)在好多了，它們?cè)诖蠖鄶?shù)情況下還是很難看。
What is interesting is the human atmosphere (人氣） and total unpredictability of what you may come across in the street in China. You are rarely bored walking in the street as you can always see people. They are doing all sorts of odd things that you would not see in a lot of western cities. If you were an amateur photographer, you will realise that Chinese cities are heaven for street photographs as you end up getting much more entertaining photos.
有趣的是，中國(guó)的人文氛圍（人氣）和你在街上可能遇到的一些事，這些都不可預(yù)測(cè)的。你在街上散步很少會(huì)感到無(wú)聊，因?yàn)槟憧偰芸吹饺藗冊(cè)谧龈鞣N奇怪的事情，而這些在西方很多城市都看不到。如果你是一個(gè)業(yè)余攝影師，你會(huì)意識(shí)到中國(guó)城市是街拍的天堂，因?yàn)槟阕罱K會(huì)得到很多的娛樂(lè)性照片。

Another is the convenience for daily life. Using breakfast as an example. You just get downstairs and can easily find a breakfast place within short walking distance. You can eat a good quality meal without spending much money at a pretty random small restaurant. What is more, you can have at least dozens of choices if it is not a hundred. If you try to do the same in London, which is way more convenient than many western cities, it is just not possible. You have very limited choices. Most of the places offering decent breakfast are chain stores and it costs a lot for some boring stuff. In China, Starbuck and Costas are two of a hundred you can choose from just out of your door.

另一方面是便利的日常生活方式。以早餐為例。你只要下樓然后步行很短距離就可以找到一個(gè)吃早餐的地方。你可以在一個(gè)相當(dāng)隨意的小餐館里吃一頓質(zhì)量好的飯菜，并且不用花很多錢(qián)。更重要的是，你有很多選擇，沒(méi)有一百個(gè)也有好幾十個(gè)選擇范圍。這比許多西方城市方便得多，如果你想在倫敦做同樣的事，那是不可能的。在倫敦吃早餐你的選擇非常有限。幾乎都是連鎖店在提供早餐，不好吃還貴。在中國(guó)，星巴克（Starbuck）和Costas（Costas）只是200家你可以選擇的餐廳之一。
What is important about 人氣 is that people are social animals. You often see movies talking about American middle class neighborhoods which would suck the real life out of any men and women who do not want to suffer from boredom. In China, you may also have some rich Chinese wanting to have an American house and car, freedom of speech and guns. But after the initial excitement, they tend to return to China quietly and make their big American houses a holiday home. It is not only because it is easier to earn money in China, which is of course very important.
重要的是人是群居動(dòng)物。你經(jīng)常在電影看到美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)社區(qū)，那里聚集著所有不想遭受無(wú)聊的生活方式的男人和女人。在中國(guó)，也會(huì)有一些富裕的中國(guó)人想要美國(guó)的房子和汽車......。但在最初的興奮過(guò)后，他們往往會(huì)安靜地回到中國(guó)，把他們的美國(guó)大房子當(dāng)作度假之家。不僅是因?yàn)樵谥袊?guó)掙錢(qián)更容易，這當(dāng)然非常重要。

People often forget that boredom can kill as well. It makes people depressed, feel less energetic and age faster as a result. Boredom turns youngsters into antisocial gangsters, boredom makes adults want to escape, boredom makes people hungry for bad news about other countries and boredom makes war exciting. In Chinese cities, you experience dynamism, and you can observe lives being lived around you. You cannot envisage what’s going on at the next corner of the street you are walking in, not to mention envisage life after five or ten years. But so many Western cities do not even change for centuries. If you have a stable job, a home and you can more or less see the end of your life.

人們常常忘記無(wú)聊也會(huì)害死人。它會(huì)讓人沮喪，感覺(jué)精力不足，因此衰老得更快。無(wú)聊使年輕人變成反社會(huì)的黑幫分子，無(wú)聊使成年人想逃離，無(wú)聊使人們渴望聽(tīng)到有關(guān)其他國(guó)家的壞消息，無(wú)聊使戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)變得令人興奮。在中國(guó)的城市里，你充滿著活力，你可以觀察周圍的人的生活。你想象不到下一個(gè)街角正在發(fā)生的事情，更不用說(shuō)想象五年或十年后的生活了。但西方大多數(shù)城市幾百年來(lái)都沒(méi)有改變。如果你有一份穩(wěn)定的工作，一個(gè)家，你可以或多或少地看到你生命的盡頭。

Zhang Zhiheng,
Most western cities in Chinese eyes are just small towns, some of them are neat and clean but anyway they are too small to be called a city in China.

在中國(guó)人眼中，大多數(shù)西方城市只是小城鎮(zhèn)，有些城市雖然整潔干凈，但無(wú)論如何，它們太小了，不能稱之為中國(guó)類似的城市。

No matter in which tier, Chinese in cities want to have city lives, which means, crowded streets and 24 hour open shops and entertainments. We live in cities to hang around with the others, not to stay at home with family all nights, which is a typical villliage life in China!

不管人們?cè)谀囊粋€(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)階層，只要在城市里生活，都想擁有城市化生活方式，也就是說(shuō)，有著擁擠的街道和24小時(shí)開(kāi)放的商店和娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所。我們生活在城市里是為了和別人一起閑逛，而不是如典型的農(nóng)村生活一樣和家人整晚都呆在家里。

That’s why Chinese people moved to foreign cities always complaint their boring night lives and all inconveniences. One of my friend even describe Los Angel as “the biggest villliage”.

這就是為什么華僑總是抱怨他們無(wú)聊的夜生活和所有的不便。我的一個(gè)朋友甚至形容洛杉磯是“最大的村莊”。

The biggest village, Los angel

?最大的村莊，洛杉磯。
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Except CBD, most area are covered by low density society and almost dark in the night

除中央商務(wù)區(qū)外，大部分地區(qū)都是低密度社會(huì)，夜晚幾乎漆黑一片。
魔都 the magic city,Shanghai
魔都上海

Endless skyscrapers and as bright as daytime at night.

到處是摩天大樓和明亮如白晝的夜晚。

Peter Moore,
In my experience, they are pretty much the same. If you cherry pick, you can emphasize the differences, like show Guangzhou vs Budapest, or a shitty part of Chengdu vs a nice part of London, or vice versa. But you can make Rome look like Beijing, Vancouver look like Hong Kong, etc,

?以我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，它們幾乎是一樣的。如果你精心挑選，你可以強(qiáng)調(diào)不同之處，比如廣州和布達(dá)佩斯，或者成都的一個(gè)爛地方和倫敦的一個(gè)好地方，反之亦然。但是你可以讓羅馬看起來(lái)像北京，溫哥華看起來(lái)像香港等等。

the biggest differences?
typical size. Chinese cities tend to be much higher in population, and they have infrastructure trying to deal with it

最大的區(qū)別？
城市規(guī)模。中國(guó)城市的人口占比往往要高得多，而且他們的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施也在逐步滿足這一問(wèn)題。

David W. Budd,
Honestly, it’s difficult to compare “western” cities (which are very diverse - look at Houston, Texas, Manhattan, Paris, and London - which one is the “western” city you would compare) and “Chinese” cities, which also are diverse. Beijing, Shanghai, and now Shenzen are not similar in many ways

?老實(shí)說(shuō)，很難比較西方城市（非常多樣化——看看休斯頓、得克薩斯、曼哈頓、巴黎和倫敦——你會(huì)比較哪個(gè)是西方城市呢）和中國(guó)城市，它們也是多樣化的。北京、上海和現(xiàn)在的深圳在很多方面并不相似。

There are two fundamental problems.
First is the sheer size of China. It is a nation of 1.4 billion people. By comparison, the largest “western” country is the US, which is 330 million. China is five times larger (by population) than the biggest western country.

有兩個(gè)基本問(wèn)題。
首先是中國(guó)的龐大規(guī)模。它是一個(gè)擁有14億人口的國(guó)家。相比之下，最大的西方國(guó)家是美國(guó)，為3.3億。中國(guó)的人口是最大的西方國(guó)家的五倍。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

As a result, just about everything is bigger in China. The cities are larger and more crowded. Also, the development in China over the past 35 years has been nothing short of spectacular. And most of it (though not all) is concentrated around the large, coastal cities. As a result, China’s urbanised population has been transformed. In just the past 15 years, the urban population has grown by 40 per cent (China: urban and rural population 2017 ) and is now 820 million. This number is roughly the same as the US and EU combined total population.

?因此，中國(guó)的一切都變得更大。城市更大，更擁擠。而且，過(guò)去35年來(lái)，中國(guó)的發(fā)展也非常驚人。其中大部分（盡管不是全部）集中在沿海大城市。還有中國(guó)的城市化人口發(fā)生了變化。在過(guò)去15年中，中國(guó)城市人口增長(zhǎng)了40%，目前為8.2億。這一數(shù)字與美國(guó)和歐盟人口總數(shù)之和大致相同。

China is HUGE. And it is a place where the cities now predominate. As a result, China has a number of massive urban super cities.

中國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó)。這是一個(gè)城市占主導(dǎo)地位的地方。因此，中國(guó)有許多大型城市超級(jí)城市。

Second, China’s super cities are relatively ‘new.’ This is of course ironic, as the big cities of China have been around for 2000 (or more) years.

第二，中國(guó)的超級(jí)城市相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較“新”。這當(dāng)然是諷刺的，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)的大城市已經(jīng)存在了2000年（或更久）了。

But as China has been transformed by the ***, it has virtually remade its cities. In Beijing, a city that has for 3000 years, development has meant that many of the old hu tongs have been seized and demolished to make way for glittering skyscrapers. The infrastructure is less than 20 years old. So of course, the central business districts look like scenes from a science fiction movie.

但隨著中國(guó)的轉(zhuǎn)變，中國(guó)實(shí)際上已經(jīng)重新改造了城市。在北京這個(gè)有著3000年歷史的城市，發(fā)展意味著許多老胡同被沒(méi)收和拆除，它們?yōu)殚W閃發(fā)光的摩天大樓讓路?；A(chǔ)設(shè)施還不到20年。當(dāng)然，中央商業(yè)區(qū)看起來(lái)就像科幻電影里的場(chǎng)景。

It remains to be seen what these glass and steel palaces will look like in 50–100 years (about the age of many of the skyscrapers of the west).

這些玻璃和鋼制的宮殿在50-100年后會(huì)是什么樣子（大約相當(dāng)于西方許多摩天大樓的年齡）還有待觀察。

But for now, to compare “Chinese” cities to those of the west, they are generally larger, more crowded, and “newer,” at least in the parts that have been developed.

但就目前而言，對(duì)比中國(guó)城市與西方城市，中國(guó)城市通常更大、更擁擠和“更新”，至少在已開(kāi)發(fā)的地區(qū)是這樣。