歷史上最怪異的死刑有哪些？
What was the strangest execution in history?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
各國(guó)怪異的死刑。
正文翻譯
What was the strangest execution in history?
歷史上最怪異的死刑有哪些？
歷史上最怪異的死刑有哪些？
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, Professor French, Spanish, Latin at Wayne State University
upxed April 20 Upvoted by Hugh Weller-Lewis, MA Literature & Social Sciences, The Open University (1991)
What was the strangest execution in history?
During the reign of Henry VIII, between 1509 and 1547, it is estimated that between 57,000 and 72,000 English subjects were executed, although this might be an exaggeration and we shall never know. The execution of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (14 August 1473 – 27 May 1541), stands out as one of the most unjust as well as extremely grisly, totally unfit for a frail lady of 67 and relative of the king.
Margaret de la Pole had the misfortune to be of English royalty with a strong Yorkist bloodline. She was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Richard III and Edward IV, and one of the few surviving members of the Plantagenet Dynasty after the Wars of the Roses. Her first cousin was Elizabeth of York, mother of Henry VIII. Margaret was godmother and governess of Henry’s daughter Mary. A famous son of Margaret was Reginald Pole (12 March 1500 – 17 November 1558), a cardinal of the Catholic Church and the last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, holding the office from 1556 to 1558, during the Counter-Reformation. During the 1530s, with religious change in England, Reginald fled abroad. He refused to acknowledge Henry as supreme head of the new Church of England and staunchly disagreed with his break from the Catholic church and the Pope, an act of high treason on behalf of Reginald. This left Margaret in a precarious situation.
In May 1539 Margaret and other members of her family were attainted as traitors. Some were executed. Margaret was imprisoned in the Tower. As part of the evidence for the Bill of Attainder put against Margaret, Thomas Cromwell produced a tunic bearing the Five Wounds of Christ, symbolizing Margaret''s support for Roman Catholicism and of her son, the exiled cardinal. The supposed discovery, six months after her households were searched at her arrest, is surely a fabrication of the truth.
On the morning of 27 May 1541, she was taken from her cell to the place within the precincts of the Tower of London where a low wooden block had been prepared instead of the customary scaffold. According to an eye witness account by the Lord Mayor of London, the execution was performed by "a wretched and blundering youth who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner." The executioner missed her neck the first time, gashing her shoulder. It took a further ten blows to finish her off. A second account tells of how she managed to escape from the block and that she was hewn down by the executioner as she ran. This second account concurs with the first in that it says that eleven blows were required.
Execution of Margaret de la Pole in the Tower of London, copper engraving, "Review of Fox''s Book of Martyrs" by William Andrews, 1826:
Henry had killed her because she had the audacity to have given birth to children who were too closely related to him, and were therefore too close to his throne. The unlawfully judged elderly woman did not deserve her cruel end. Following the execution of his mother, Cardinal Reginald Pole said that he would ‘Never fear to call himself the son of a martyr.’ And 345 years later, Lady Salisbury became exactly that. On the 29th December 1886, Pope Leo XIII beatified Margaret, making her Blessed Margaret Pole, a Catholic martyr. Her feast day is the 28th May, the date that some sources give as her execution date.
在亨利八世統(tǒng)治的1509年至1547年間，據(jù)估計(jì)有57000至72000名英國(guó)臣民被處決，盡管這可能有些夸張，我們永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)知道。對(duì)第8任索爾茲伯里伯爵夫人瑪格麗特·波爾(1473年8月14日- 1541年5月27日)的處決是最不公正的，也是最可怕的，完全不適合一個(gè)虛弱的67歲的夫人，她是國(guó)王的親戚。
不幸的是，瑪格麗特·德拉波爾是英國(guó)皇室成員，有著深厚的約克血統(tǒng)。她是克拉倫斯公爵喬治的女兒，喬治是理查德三世和愛德華四世的兄弟，也是金雀花王朝在玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后為數(shù)不多的幸存成員之一。她的表姐妹是約克的伊麗莎白，亨利八世的母親?，敻覃愄厥呛嗬呐畠含旣惖慕棠负图彝ソ處煛，敻覃愄氐囊粋€(gè)有名的兒子是雷金納德·波爾(1500年3月12日- 1558年11月17日)，是天主教的紅衣主教和坎特伯雷最后一位天主教大主教，1556年到1558年在反宗教改革期間任職。
1530年代，隨著英格蘭宗教的變化，雷金納德逃往國(guó)外。他拒絕承認(rèn)亨利是新英格蘭教會(huì)的最高領(lǐng)袖，并堅(jiān)決反對(duì)他與天主教會(huì)和教皇的決裂，這是雷金納德的一種叛國(guó)行為。這使瑪格麗特處于危險(xiǎn)的境地。
1539年5月，瑪格麗特和她的其他家庭成員被指控為叛徒。部分被處決了?，敻覃愄乇磺艚趥惗厮铩Ｗ鳛榉磳?duì)瑪格麗特的《剝奪公權(quán)法案》證據(jù)的一部分，托馬斯·克倫威爾制作了一件印有“基督五傷”的外衣，象征著瑪格麗特對(duì)羅馬天主教和她的兒子——流亡的紅衣主教的支持。六個(gè)月后，她在被捕時(shí)家庭遭到搜查，這個(gè)所謂的發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)疑是捏造的事實(shí)。
1541年5月27日早晨，她被從牢房帶到了倫敦塔附近，那里準(zhǔn)備了一塊低矮的木塊，而不是傳統(tǒng)的斷頭臺(tái)。根據(jù)目擊者倫敦市長(zhǎng)的描述，執(zhí)行死刑的是“一個(gè)猥瑣、浮躁的青年，以最令人不忍的方式把她的頭和肩膀砍成碎片?！眲Ｗ邮值谝淮螞](méi)砍中她的脖子，砍傷了她的肩膀。她又挨了十下才斃命。另一段敘述講述了她如何設(shè)法逃脫木塊，卻在奔跑時(shí)被劊子手砍倒。第二種說(shuō)法和第一種說(shuō)法是一致的，那就是需要出手十一次。
瑪格麗特·德拉波爾在倫敦塔的死刑雕刻銅版畫，《?？怂沟难车勒咧畷u(píng)論》，作者威廉·安德魯斯，1826年:
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亨利之所以殺了她，是因?yàn)樗懜疑屡c他關(guān)系太近的孩子，因此也離他的王位太近。這個(gè)受到非法審判的老婦人不應(yīng)該遭此慘烈的下場(chǎng)。在他的母親被處決后，樞機(jī)主教雷金納德·波勒說(shuō)，他“永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)害怕稱自己為烈士之子”。345年后，索爾茲伯里夫人成為了真正的女王。1886年12月29日，教皇利奧十三世賜?，敻覃愄兀顾蔀樘熘鹘萄车勒?。她的節(jié)日是5月28日，這一天是她被處死的日子。
評(píng)論
April 6 · 4 upvotes including
Halina Minadeo
It is even alleged that she reenacts her execution within the room she died in on every anniversary of her death, and that the shadow of an axe will then fall over the spot of her death.
甚至有人聲稱，她在每一周年忌日都在她死的房間里重演行刑過(guò)程，然后斧頭的影子會(huì)落在她死的地方。
Original Author · April 6 · 2 upvotes
Love those British ghost stories, like the one about Anne Boleyn in the Tower of London.
我喜歡那些英國(guó)的鬼故事，比如安妮·博林在倫敦塔的故事。
9h ago · 1 upvote from
Halina Minadeo
This mirrors an execution ordered by Henry''s daughter Elizabeth I. Mary, Queen of Scots had the misfortune of being sent to the block when the regular executioner was detained elsewhere. As a result, the young boy who had never before performed an execution hacked her head and shoulders quite mercilessly. He eventually got her head sufficiently severed from her body that it flopped down from the block, reminding some modem readers of Nearly Headless Nick from the Harry Potter series. At that point, it is said that the boy bent down and using the axe like a saw, finished the job of slicing the rest of the way through her neck.
這與亨利的女兒伊麗莎白一世下令執(zhí)行的死刑如出一轍。蘇格蘭女王瑪麗不幸被送去斬首時(shí)，合格的劊子手卻被關(guān)押在其他地方。結(jié)果，這個(gè)從未執(zhí)行過(guò)死刑的小伙子殘忍地砍了她的頭和肩膀。最終，他把她的頭從身體上完全切下，從木塊上掉了下來(lái)，這讓一些現(xiàn)代讀者想起了《哈利波特》系列中的“差點(diǎn)沒(méi)頭的尼克”。據(jù)說(shuō)當(dāng)時(shí)那家伙彎下腰，用一把像鋸子一樣的斧子，割掉她脖子上剩下的部分。
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Original Author · 8h ago
Absolutely horrendous. And that is why the guillotine was considered to be a merciful method to sever the head from the body.
太可怕了。這就是為什么斷頭臺(tái)被認(rèn)為是一種斬首的仁慈方式。
Original Author · March 23 · 4 upvotes
Anne Boleyn was after all the wife and queen of Henry VIII. Displaying an act of "mercy," King Henry VIII dispatched a skilled executioner to perform the execution by sword rather than by axe or being burned at the stake. The swordsman was dispatched from Calais, English occupied France at the time. The next beheaded wife was Catherine Howard. According to Chapuys, she was beheaded in the same spot where her cousin, Queen Anne Boleyn, had been executed six years earlier.
安妮·博林畢竟是亨利八世的妻子和王后。為了顯示“仁慈”，國(guó)王亨利八世派了一名熟練的劊子手用劍執(zhí)行死刑，而不是用斧頭或火刑柱燒死。當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)占領(lǐng)了法國(guó)，劊子手是從加萊派過(guò)來(lái)的。下一個(gè)被斬首的妻子是凱瑟琳·霍華德。據(jù)喬普斯說(shuō)，她是在她的表姐安妮·博林王后六年前被處決的同一地點(diǎn)被斬首的。
March 26 · 5 upvotes including
Halina Minadeo
I just finished reading The King’s Curse by Philippa Gregory. It’s an historical novel from the point of view of Margaret Pole. It’s highly fictionalized, but entertaining. The account of her execution in this novel is improbable, but interesting. With so few records, there is necessarily a lot of speculation in the book, but it’s a fascinating read if you like English history.
我剛讀完菲利帕·格里高利的《國(guó)王的詛咒》。這是從瑪格麗特·波爾的角度來(lái)看的歷史小說(shuō)。它高度虛構(gòu)，但很有趣。這部小說(shuō)中對(duì)她被處決的描述雖然不大可能，但很有意思。由于記錄如此之少，書中必然會(huì)有很多猜測(cè)，但如果你喜歡英國(guó)歷史的話，這是一本引人入勝的讀物。
Original Author · March 30 · 3 upvotes including
Virginia Owlswell
Thank you for the information. I have read many of Gregory’s novels as historical fiction is a wonderful entertainment, even if one knows that the history is being abused. I shall certainly read The King’s Curse.
謝謝你提供的信息。我讀過(guò)很多格里高利的小說(shuō)，因?yàn)闅v史小說(shuō)是一種很好的消遣，即便人們知道歷史被過(guò)度妝扮了。我一定會(huì)讀《國(guó)王的詛咒》。
May 7 · 1 upvote
Philippa Gregory’s novels are always a great read for anyone interested in this period of history and ‘The King’s Curse’ is one of my favourites. I like her practice of writing a little essay at the end of each book outlining how much is real history and how much is supposition or fiction.
If you like Gregory’s work then it’s worth checking out Alison Weir.
對(duì)于任何對(duì)這段歷史感興趣的人來(lái)說(shuō)，菲利帕·格里高利的小說(shuō)都是不錯(cuò)的作品，《國(guó)王的詛咒》是我的最愛之一。我喜歡她在每本書的結(jié)尾寫一篇短文，概述多少是真實(shí)的歷史，多少是臆想或虛構(gòu)。
如果你喜歡格雷戈里的作品，那就去看看《艾利森·韋爾》。
二
upxed May 19·Upvoted by Hugh Weller-Lewis, MA Literature & Social Sciences, The Open University (1991)and Brayden Swanson, Studied history extensively for six years
An odd one occurred in Pakistan perhaps fifty(?) years ago.
A judge sentenced a man “to be hanged” (not “hanged to death” which was what he meant).
The condemned was placed on a gallows with a noose around his neck and the trap door opened. He hung there for a few seconds then the rope broke.
The executioners got another rope and were going to give it another go. The man''s lawyer intervened.
On appeal, the court held that the man had been duly “hanged” and his sentence thusly carried out and released him
In Arkansas, as the story goes, there was an electric chair that was transported in a trailer. Power was supplied by an attached generator.
Huge capacitors had to be charged up to deliver a killing amperage. It took ''em awhile.
One time, the thing was charged up, the condemned man was strapped in, and electrocuted.
It didn''t kill him.
As the man sufferred they hurriedly charged her up again and gave him another jolt.
It didn''t kill him.
The same thing happened on the third try
Finally, mercifully, the attending deputy pulled out his pistol and just shot the man.
Stephen King''s book The Green Mile was inspired by the execution of George Stinney Jr. in South Carolina in 1944. He was the youngest person sentenced to death in the 20th century in the United States. Stinney, a black youth, was convicted of killing two young white girls. He was only 14 when he was executed by electric chair.
The case was reopened in 2004 and Stinney''s conviction was vacated in 2014. The multiple, serious trial errors are too numerous to list here.
50年前在巴基斯坦發(fā)生了一起奇怪的事件。
一個(gè)法官判處一個(gè)人“受絞”（他的意思不是“絞死”）。
死刑犯被放在絞刑架上，脖子上套著絞索，活板門打開了。他在那兒掛了幾秒鐘，然后繩子斷了。
劊子手們又拿了一根繩子，準(zhǔn)備再試一次。死刑犯的律師介入了。
上訴后，法院裁定該男子已按時(shí)被“絞死”，他的判決因此被執(zhí)行了，然后就釋放了他。
據(jù)說(shuō)，阿肯色州有一把電椅是用拖車運(yùn)來(lái)的。電力由一個(gè)附帶的發(fā)電機(jī)提供。巨大的電容器必須充電以提供致命電流量。他們花了不少功夫。
有一次，這東西被充上電，死刑犯被綁在上面處以電刑。
電椅沒(méi)能殺死他。
三次嘗試結(jié)果都一樣。
最后，行刑副手仁慈地拔出手槍，向死刑犯開了一槍。
斯蒂芬·金的作品《綠色英里》，其靈感就是來(lái)源于1944年在南卡羅萊納處決了小喬治·斯汀尼。他是20世紀(jì)美國(guó)最年輕的死刑犯。斯汀尼，一個(gè)黑人青年，被判殺害兩名年輕的白人女孩。他被電椅處死時(shí)只有14歲。
該案于2004年重新審理，斯汀尼的罪名于2014年撤銷。多次嚴(yán)重的審判錯(cuò)誤太多了，無(wú)法在這里一一列舉。
三
, lives in India
Answered Tue Upvoted by Mahima Sharma, M.A History, University of Delhi (2019)
This is the story of 16 years old Iranian girl Atefeh Rajabi Sahaaleh.
Atefeh was arrested after being raped by a 51-year-old man. According to Islamic Sharia law, she was convicted for crimes against chastity (Crimes against chastity are crimes involving sexual behavior). During her alleged torture she admitted to having had sex repeatedly with the 51-year-old ex-revolutionary guard turned taxi-driver Ali Darabi. Darabi was a married man with children at the time.
Atefeh had been raped by Ali Darabi over a period of 3 years without her family being aware.
While in prison she was further allegedly tortured and raped by prison guards. She told this to her grandmother who visited her saying that afterwards she could only walk on all fours because of the pain.
The judge in her case was Haji Rezai. When Atefah realized that she was losing her case, she removed her hijab, an act seen as a severe contempt of the court, and argued that Ali Darabi should be punished, not her. She even removed her shoes and threw them at the judge.
Rezai later sentenced her to death.
She was publicly hanged from a crane in Neka, Iran, on August 15, 2004.
Did you see, what happened here?
A 16 years old girl was continuously raped and tortured by men around her. In the end, instead of giving punishments to those men, Iranian Court sentenced her to death by public hanging.
This is not the only case of Iranian autocracy. In the last years, Iran had publicly hanged so many people with silly & wrong reasons that even Yamraj must be wondering, What''s going on here?
Among these public execution, there were many children including teens, below 13 years kid also. These are the stats of only public hanging. In one of the massive protests against Iranian Government in 2019–20, almost 1500 people were killed.
In an effort to crush the protests the Iranian government, shot protesters dead from rooftops, helicopters, and at close range with machine gun fire.
People of Iran had no permission to use social media platforms (They use through VPN though). Any one can be hanged anytime for silly reasons there.
(People watching public hanging in Iran)
This is why I always say, preserve democracy else it would backfire you only in future.
這是16歲的伊朗女孩Atefeh Rajabi Sahaaleh的故事。
Atefeh在被一名51歲的男子強(qiáng)奸后被捕。根據(jù)伊斯蘭教法，她被判違反貞節(jié)罪(違反貞節(jié)罪是涉及性行為的犯罪)。在她受酷刑折磨期間，她承認(rèn)曾多次與51歲、前革命衛(wèi)隊(duì)出身的出租車司機(jī)Ali Darabi發(fā)生性關(guān)系。Darabi當(dāng)時(shí)是已經(jīng)有孩子的已婚男子。
Atefeh被Ali Darabi強(qiáng)奸長(zhǎng)達(dá)3年之久，而她的家人卻不知情。
據(jù)稱，她在監(jiān)獄中還遭到獄警的酷刑和強(qiáng)奸。她把這件事告訴了來(lái)探望她的祖母，說(shuō)后來(lái)因?yàn)樘弁此荒苡盟闹呗妨恕?br /> 審理她案件的法官是Haji Rezai。當(dāng)Atefah意識(shí)到她輸?shù)袅斯偎緯r(shí)，她摘下了頭巾，這一行為被視為對(duì)法庭的嚴(yán)重蔑視，她爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)應(yīng)該受到懲罰的是Ali Darabi，而不是她。她甚至脫下鞋子扔向法官。
Rezai后來(lái)判處她死刑。
2004年8月15日，她在伊朗奈卡被當(dāng)眾吊死在起重機(jī)上。
看到了嗎，這個(gè)案子說(shuō)了啥?
一名16歲的女孩被她周圍的男人不斷地強(qiáng)奸和折磨。最后，伊朗法院沒(méi)有懲罰這些人，而是當(dāng)眾絞死了她。
這不是體現(xiàn)伊朗獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治的唯一例子。在過(guò)去的幾年里，伊朗以愚蠢和錯(cuò)誤的理由公開絞死了那么多的人，就連Yamraj都在想，這到底是怎么回事?
在這些公開處決中，有許多兒童包括青少年，13歲以下的兒童也有。這些只是公開絞刑的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。在2019 - 2020年針對(duì)伊朗政府的大規(guī)?？棺h活動(dòng)中，近1500人被殺。
為了鎮(zhèn)壓抗議活動(dòng)，伊朗政府從屋頂、直升機(jī)和近距離用機(jī)關(guān)槍射殺了抗議者。
伊朗人民沒(méi)有使用社交媒體平臺(tái)的許可(雖然他們可以通過(guò)VPN使用)。任何人都可以在任何時(shí)候因?yàn)橐恍┯薮赖脑虮唤g死。
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(伊朗民眾觀看公開絞刑)
四
Answered July 12 Upvoted by Ravi Vaish, MA English Literature & History (1990)and Hugh Weller-Lewis, MA Literature & Social Sciences, The Open University (1991)
See this man?
This man’s name was Maximilien Robespierre.
He was a middle-class lawyer in France, a young man with a powerful mind and an even more formidable voice. His speeches, even during his days in law studies, were legendary. And as an ambitious middle-class man of letters, Robespierre could not have been born into a time with more opportunity for his advancement.
Later in life, Robespierre could recall a story from when he was a law student. The king, Louis XVI, came through in an ornately decorated carriage. Robespierre, an outspoken young man, approached the carriage with a petition. But Louis ignored him, keeping his head held high and not even acknowledging his existence.
Robespierre never forgot this personal slight, nor did he fail to recognize the greater societal issues at stake. When the fires of revolution began to smolder in 1780s France, he was right on the frontlines, elected as a deputy to the National Assembly.
Robespierre’s associations with the Jacobin Club and its powerful members, as well as his fiery orations in the National Assembly and later the National Convention, led to his swift rise as one of France’s most prominent revolutionary figures. He helped lead and inspire France as it struggled with internal insurrection, war with Austria and other nations of Europe, and the trial and execution of the king.
After the destruction of the Girondist political faction in mid-1793, which had been a rival of the Jacobins, Robespierre was added to the Committee of Public Safety, which essentially became a board of dictators orchestrated by Robespierre. The Girondins were just the start of revolutionary forces turning inward on the revolutionaries themselves.
Robespierre launched a series of trials, persecutions, and executions that became known as the Reign of Terror. It started with fairly uncontroversial attacks on political enemies and nobles, but it eventually spiraled out of control. Robespierre began targeting almost indiscriminately, accusing and executing people on loose evidence. Most notoriously, Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins, two great figures whom many saw as heroes of the revolution, were killed by the guillotine in April of 1794.
The guillotine, euphemistically dubbed “Madame,” the device that killed thousands during the French Revolutio.
Aside from these “purifying” practices to cleanse the revolution of rabble and corruption, Robespierre helped promote efforts to change how people lived. Most famously, he supported changes in the calendar: 7 day weeks became 10 day weeks, the length of the year was altered, and the names of all the months were altered.
Here’s a table if you want to read, but because of this, many events of the French Revolution during and after Robespierre are referred to by weird names like “18 Brumaire.” Oh, and I forgot to mention his so-called “Cult of the Supreme Being,” which was basically a religion of worshiping reason.
Eventually, the deputies of the National Convention decided that Robespierre’s actions had gone too far. The war with Austria had recently ended in a military victory, but Robespierre was unwilling to suspend his wartime powers.
On 8 Thermidor, Year 2 (or 26 July, 1794), Robespierre made a paranoid and accusatory speech to the National Convention. He had made so many of these speeches before, almost each time meeting with thunderous applause, but this day was different. Robespierre hinted at the fact that he sought to target disloyal elements within the Revolution, leading the Convention to fear for yet more purges.
The next day, 9 Thermidor, saw Robespierre shouted down by a majority of the National Convention as he tried to defend himself. They all believed he was a tyrant, and an overwhelming vote was cast to arrest him and four other close associates. Later that day, they were sent off to prison.
But the prisons would not take him and complete the arrest. The five fugitives took up residence in the Hotel de Ville along with other Jacobin loyalists to plan their next move.
As they consulted, though, the National Convention, which was holding a late session, heard the news from the streets that Robespierre was at large. They knew his location, and they sent armed forces into the Hotel de Ville to seize him.
The scene was chaotic. Panic spread across the first floor as the locked doors came crashing open and blue-coated soldiers stormed in. They came only for the five deputies who were to be arrested.
Painting depicting the chaos of the night of 9 Thermidor
Robespierre, who had fled up the stairs, was found in an upper floor room. They found him from the sound of the gunshot. And the subsequent screams of pain.
As the soldiers dragged him onto the floor, the assembled delegates gaped. He was still screaming, unable to say anything. His mouth was gushing blood. He had attempted to kill himself, but had fumbled the pistol and blown half his jaw off.
The next morning, they dragged him up onto the scaffold in the Place de la Revolution.
There was so much ironic and strange about the moment. Robespierre, the consummate executioner responsible for thousands of deaths, was dying by the same device, in the same place, where he had sent so many others to die. It must have been a truly strange spectacle.
But it got worse.
Robespierre’s captors had had the decency to bandage his jaw and tie up the loose flaps of skin to ease the agony. But the executioner found that the cloth was interfering with the mechanism to lower the guillotine blade. So he ripped it off.
Robespierre screamed worse than ever. Guttural screams from hell, only silenced by the fall of the blade.
Strange that a man whose words made him the greatest and most terrible figure of the Revolution… would see those words fail him when he needed them most. He could not speak; he could only scream and die in agony. Also strange that the executioner ended up as the executed.
看到這個(gè)人了嗎?
他的名字叫馬克西米連·羅伯斯庇爾。
他是一位法國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)律師，一個(gè)有著強(qiáng)大思想和更令人敬畏的聲音的年輕人。即使在他學(xué)習(xí)法律期間，他的演講也具有傳奇色彩。作為一個(gè)雄心勃勃的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)文人，羅伯斯庇爾沒(méi)能出生在一個(gè)有更多晉升機(jī)會(huì)的時(shí)代。
在后來(lái)的人生中，羅伯斯庇爾回憶起他還是一名法律系學(xué)生時(shí)的一個(gè)故事。國(guó)王路易十六坐著一輛裝飾華麗的馬車行駛過(guò)來(lái)。羅伯斯庇爾，一個(gè)直言不諱的年輕人，拿著請(qǐng)?jiān)笗呓R車。但是路易沒(méi)有理會(huì)他，他一直高昂著頭，甚至無(wú)視其存在。
羅伯斯庇爾從未忘記這種人身侮辱，他也沒(méi)有忽視更大的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。1780年代，法國(guó)革命之火開始燃燒，他正身在前線，被選為國(guó)民議會(huì)代表。
羅伯斯庇爾與雅各賓俱樂(lè)部及其強(qiáng)力成員的關(guān)系，以及他在國(guó)民議會(huì)和后來(lái)的國(guó)民大會(huì)上激昂的演說(shuō)，使他迅速崛起為法國(guó)最杰出的革命人物之一。他幫助領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和激勵(lì)了法國(guó)與內(nèi)部叛亂進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)、與奧地利和其他歐洲國(guó)家進(jìn)行的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，以及對(duì)國(guó)王的審判和處決。
1793年年中，雅各賓派的對(duì)手吉倫特派被消滅后，羅伯斯庇爾加入了公共安全委員會(huì)，該委員會(huì)實(shí)際上是由羅伯斯庇爾策劃的獨(dú)裁者委員會(huì)。吉倫特派事件，實(shí)際上只是革命力量掉轉(zhuǎn)槍口對(duì)準(zhǔn)革命者自身的開始。
羅伯斯庇爾發(fā)動(dòng)了一系列的審判、迫害和處決，這就是眾所周知的恐怖統(tǒng)治。一開始是對(duì)政敵和貴族的毫無(wú)爭(zhēng)議的攻擊，但最終失控。羅伯斯庇爾開始幾乎不分青紅皂白地瞄準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)，在沒(méi)有證據(jù)的情況下指控和處決人。最臭名昭著的事件，就是喬治·丹東和卡米爾·德穆蘭，這兩位被許多人視為革命英雄的偉大人物，在1794年4月被送上斷頭臺(tái)。
斷頭臺(tái)，被委婉地冠以綽號(hào)“夫人”，在法國(guó)大革命期間殺死了數(shù)千人
除了這些凈化革命中烏合之眾和腐敗的“凈化”行為，羅伯斯庇爾還幫助提倡努力改變?nèi)藗兊纳罘绞健Ｗ钪氖?，他支持修改日歷：將每周7天改為每周10天，改變一年的長(zhǎng)度，改變所有月份的名稱。
如果你想讀，這里有個(gè)表格，但正因?yàn)槿绱?，法?guó)大革命期間和之后的許多事件，羅伯斯庇爾被用奇怪的名字來(lái)指代，像“霧月18號(hào)”。哦，我還忘了提他所謂的"對(duì)至高無(wú)上的崇拜"，這基本上是一種信奉理性的宗教。
最終，全國(guó)代表大會(huì)的代表們認(rèn)為羅伯斯庇爾的行動(dòng)太過(guò)分了。與奧地利的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以軍事勝利結(jié)束，但羅伯斯庇爾不愿中止他的戰(zhàn)時(shí)權(quán)力。
2年的熱月8日(1794年7月26日)，羅伯斯庇爾向全國(guó)代表大會(huì)作了一場(chǎng)偏執(zhí)而又充滿指責(zé)的演講。他以前做過(guò)很多這樣的演講，幾乎每一次都贏得了雷鳴般的掌聲，但這一天不同。羅伯斯庇爾暗示，他的目標(biāo)是革命中的不忠分子，導(dǎo)致大會(huì)擔(dān)心會(huì)有更多的清洗。
第二天，熱月9日，當(dāng)羅伯斯庇爾試圖為自己辯護(hù)時(shí)，他被國(guó)民大會(huì)的大多數(shù)人轟了下去。他們都認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)暴君，并以壓倒性的票數(shù)逮捕了他及其他四名親信。那天晚些時(shí)候，他們被送進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。
但監(jiān)獄沒(méi)有帶走他完成逮捕。這五名逃亡者和其他雅各賓派效忠者一起住在維爾旅館，計(jì)劃下一步行動(dòng)。
不過(guò)，就在他們謀劃的時(shí)候，全國(guó)代表大會(huì)(正在舉行后期會(huì)議)從街上聽到了羅伯斯庇爾逍遙法外的消息。他們知道他的位置，便派武裝部隊(duì)到維爾旅館去捉拿他。
現(xiàn)場(chǎng)一片混亂。當(dāng)鎖著的門被撞開，身穿藍(lán)軍裝的士兵沖了進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，恐慌在一樓蔓延開來(lái)。他們只是為要被逮捕的五名代表而來(lái)的。
描繪熱月9日晚上的混亂景象
逃上樓梯的羅伯斯庇爾在樓上的一個(gè)房間里被發(fā)現(xiàn)。他們循著槍聲找到了他。以及隨之而來(lái)的痛苦的尖叫聲。
當(dāng)士兵們把他拖到地板上時(shí)，聚集的代表們目瞪口呆。他還在尖叫，什么也說(shuō)不出來(lái)。他嘴里噴著血。他企圖自殺，但失手用手槍打爆了一半下巴。
第二天早上，他們把他拖上了革命廣場(chǎng)的斷頭臺(tái)。
這一刻充滿了諷刺和怪異。羅伯斯庇爾，這個(gè)對(duì)成千上萬(wàn)人的死亡負(fù)有責(zé)任的完美劊子手，在他把那么多的人送去送死的同一個(gè)地方，被同樣的器械殺死了。那一定是一個(gè)非常奇特的景象。
但實(shí)際情況更糟。
逮捕羅伯斯庇爾的人還真有良心，用繃帶包扎了他的下巴，捆扎了他松弛的皮膚，以減輕他的痛苦。但劊子手發(fā)現(xiàn)布妨礙了斷頭臺(tái)刀片下降。所以他就把布撕掉了。
羅伯斯庇爾尖叫得更厲害了。發(fā)自地獄般的尖叫聲，在刀鋒落下后才安靜下來(lái)。
奇怪的是，因?yàn)檠哉Z(yǔ)而使其成為革命中最偉大、最可怕的人物……在他最需要的這些言語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)這些話說(shuō)不出來(lái)了。他不能說(shuō)話，他只能尖叫，痛苦不堪地死去。同樣奇怪的是，劊子手最終成了被處決的人。
評(píng)論
Eric Wang
You failed to mention the one fact that made it such a strange execution. When condemned people were put into the guillotine, they knelt and put their head in the stock and were facing down. They made an exception for Robespierre, he was the only person executed by guillotine while facing upwards, towards the blade
你沒(méi)有提到一個(gè)使得這次處決如此奇怪的事實(shí)。當(dāng)被判死刑的人被送上斷頭臺(tái)時(shí)，他們跪在地上，把頭放在木枷上，臉朝下。他們給羅伯斯庇爾破了個(gè)例，他是唯一一個(gè)臉朝上對(duì)著刀刃被斷頭臺(tái)處死的人。
Eric Wang
They made an exception for Robespierre, he was the only person executed by guillotine while facing upwards, towards the blade.
This is a myth. Sanson (the official executioner) would never have allowed or done that. Although the revolutionaries wanted their enemies dead, they preferred them to have the quick, painless death of being guillotined.
CAUTION: the information underneath is a bit graphic.
The convicted victim always lied face downwards on the plank, neck held held in place by the board with the round opening for the head.
Being guillotined was often referred to by people as “sneezing into the basket”, referring to the moment the blade struck the victim''s neck, which caused the head to shake upwards, then to fall down into the basket, in about 1.5 seconds. It resembled the common action of someone sneezing.
Someone like Marat would often remark that “such & such" (an aristocrat or a royalist or maybe someone he simply disliked) should “sneeze” in the basket.
“他們給羅伯斯庇爾破了個(gè)例，他是唯一一個(gè)臉朝上對(duì)著刀刃被斷頭臺(tái)處死的人。”
這是虛構(gòu)的。參孫(官方的劊子手)絕不會(huì)允許或這樣做。盡管革命者想殺死他們的敵人，但他們寧愿讓敵人被斬首時(shí)迅速而無(wú)痛地死去。
注意:下面的信息有些具象化。
被定罪的受害者總是臉朝下趴在木板上，脖子被木板固定住，圓形的開口對(duì)準(zhǔn)頭部。
“被送上斷頭臺(tái)”通常被人們稱為“打噴嚏到籃子里”，指的是刀片切入受害者脖子的那一刻，導(dǎo)致頭部向上搖晃，然后落到籃子里，時(shí)間僅為1.5秒。這就像打噴嚏時(shí)的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。
像馬拉這樣的人經(jīng)常說(shuō)，“某某人”(貴族或?；庶h，或者他只是不喜歡的人)應(yīng)該在籃子里“打噴嚏”。
Eric Wang
Karma is a bitch.
因果報(bào)應(yīng)是個(gè)婊子。
Eric Wang
10 days before the death of Robespierre et al, a group of Carmelite nuns were brought to the guillotine for execution. The crowd’s blood lust was up as usual…until the nuns sang “Veni Creator Spiritus”. Then the crowds (for the first time) went silent, and remained silent until the last of the nuns were executed, and the crowd quietly dispersed. Robespierre et al had gone too far.
羅伯斯庇爾等人死前10天，一群卡梅爾修女被帶到斷頭臺(tái)上處決。人群的嗜血情緒像往常一樣高漲……直到修女們唱起了“求造物主圣神降臨”。然后人群（第一次）安靜下來(lái)，一直保持沉默，直到最后一個(gè)修女被處決，人群安靜地散去。羅伯斯庇爾等人做得太過(guò)火了。
And Poluenc wrote an opera ‘The Carmelites’, in which the last scene depicts the execution of the nuns, one of whom stops singing every time the blade falls. Every time I hear it, it makes me shiver.
波倫克還寫了一部歌劇《卡米麗特》，最后一幕描寫了修女們被處決的情景，每當(dāng)?shù)朵h落下，其中一個(gè)修女就停止歌唱。每次聽到它，我都會(huì)發(fā)抖。