為什么日本乃至東亞的屋頂是彎曲的?

Alex Kim
Aside from cultural and aesthetic reasons, Japanese roofs, and East Asian roofs in general, are curved as a compromise to a compromise to a compromise.
Yeah, that’s three layers of “compromises.” Here’s the breakdown:
1st Compromise: Wooden BuildingsSo let’s start from the beginning. As you probably have noticed, East Asian buildings were built predominately out of wood, from the load-bearing pillars to the wooden walls to the paper windows. After all, wood is readily available (i.e. cheap), has great weight to strength ratio, and is easy to cut and shape.
However, wood is not perfect, which is why it is the first “compromise.” One of the major cons is that wood is not as weather-resistant as other materials such as stone or clay. In particular, high-humidity and/or heavy precipitation will cause wood to rot and warp. Thus, as useful as wood is, using it as your primary construction material means you have to engineer a way to keep your building as dry as possible.

除了文化和美學方面的原因，日本乃至東亞的屋頂都是彎曲的，這是一種妥協(xié)。是的，這是三層“妥協(xié)”：
第一層妥協(xié)：屋頂建筑
讓我們從頭開始。你可能已經(jīng)注意到，東亞的建筑主要是用木材建造的，從承重柱子到木墻再到紙窗。畢竟，木材是現(xiàn)成的(即便宜)，有很大的重量強度比，并且容易切割和塑造。
然而，木材并不完美，這就是為什么它是第一層“妥協(xié)”。木材的一個主要缺點是不像石頭或粘土等其他材料那樣耐氣候。特別是，高濕度和/或強降水會導致木材腐爛和翹曲。因此，盡管木材很有用，但使用它作為主要的建筑材料意味著你必須設計一種方法來保持建筑盡可能干燥。

2nd Compromise: Extended EavesLet’s say you’re wearing a pair $2,000 Gucci pants out on what seemed to be a sunny day, but then all of a sudden, it starts to pour. So, you rush to the nearest convenience store and have to decide between two umbrellas: one of those mini-umbrellas, or a full-sized one. On any other day, you’d probably prefer the cheaper, more portable mini-umbrella, but mini-umbrellas will almost never cover your legs. The full-sized umbrella may be unwieldy to carry around and will cost more, but if your priority is to protect your pants from the rain, you’ll want the bigger umbrella.
The same exact concept goes for East Asian buildings. If the roof is the umbrella, the building itself, especially the wooden base, is the Gucci pants. In order to keep the wooden components as dry as possible, the eaves of a roof (i.e. the part that extends away from the exterior walls of a building) need to go farther out. Sure, if rain fell exactly vertically down, you probably can get away with short eaves, but rain tends to fall at an angle due to wind, sometimes at an extreme angle in bad storms during a typhoon.
However, extending the eaves has a number of cons. For one, like the full-size umbrella, it costs more. And, more relevant to this question, an enlarged roof may block rain, but it also blocks something else: sunlight. Having sunlight shining through your window may seem like a simple luxury, but before air conditioning and heating, sunlight was extremely important in keeping a building warm and dry, especially during the colder months.
So, East Asian buildings started to incorporate a new design element, the third compromise…

第二層妥協(xié):延長屋檐
假設你穿著一條價值2000美元的古馳褲子在一個陽光明媚的日子出門，但突然間下起了傾盆大雨。于是，你沖向最近的便利店，不得不在兩把雨傘之間做出選擇:一把迷你雨傘，以及一把全尺寸雨傘。在其他任何一天，你可能會喜歡更便宜、更便攜的迷你傘，但迷你傘幾乎無法遮住你的腿。全尺寸的雨傘可能攜帶起來不方便，也會花更多的錢，但如果你的首要任務是保護你的褲子不被雨淋濕，你會想要更大的傘。
同樣的概念也適用于東亞建筑。如果屋頂是傘，那么建筑本身，尤其是木質(zhì)底座，就是古馳的褲子。為了使木質(zhì)構件盡可能干燥，屋頂?shù)奈蓍?即從建筑物外墻延伸出去的部分)需要向外延伸。當然，如果雨是垂直落下的，你可能不會受到短屋檐的影響，但由于風的作用，雨往往會以一定的角度落下，有時在臺風期間的惡劣風暴中會以一個極端的角度落下。
然而，延長屋檐也有一些缺點。其一，像全尺寸的傘一樣，它的價格更高。而且，與這個問題更相關的是，一個擴大的屋頂可能可以阻擋雨水，但它也阻擋了其他東西:陽光。讓陽光照進你的窗戶似乎是一種簡單不過的奢侈，但在空調(diào)和暖氣出現(xiàn)之前，陽光在保持建筑溫暖和干燥方面是極其重要的，尤其是在寒冷的月份。
因此，東亞建筑開始融入一種新的設計元素，第三種妥協(xié)……

3rd Compromise: Curved EavesTo recap, we now have a wooden building with an “oversized” roof with long eaves that blocks rain, which is good, but also sunlight, which is not-so-good.
So, how do you keep the good aspects of this roof, while fixing the bad? The solution is to curve the eaves upward, angling them in such a way to maximize direct sunlight. The fact that the eaves are angled the highest at the corners aren’t a coincidence, either. As Pythagoras will tell you, the corners of the roofs are the farthest points from the building, which means they needed to be angled the highest in order for sunlight to hit the building.
Interestingly, there is a very visible correlation between the extremity of the curve of a building’s roof with its geographic latitude. Why? Because at lower latitudes closer to the Equator, the Sun travels higher up in the sky, which means the eaves need to be curved higher to allow direct sunlight into the building. Meanwhile, at higher latitudes in the northern regions — i.e. Japan, Korea, northern China — the Sun travels lower in the sky, meaning the roofs do not need to curve as much to allow direct sunlight.

第三層妥協(xié)：翹曲的屋檐
概括一下，我們現(xiàn)在有一個“超大”屋頂?shù)哪局平ㄖ?，有長長的屋檐，可以擋雨，這很好，但也能阻擋陽光，這就不那么好了。那么，你如何保持屋頂好的一面，同時解決不好的一面呢?解決方案是將屋檐向上彎曲，使其傾斜以最大限度地吸收直射的陽光。事實上，屋檐的四角，翹曲程度也最高這不是巧合。正如畢達哥拉斯會告訴你的那樣，屋頂?shù)慕锹涫请x建筑物最遠的地方，這意味著它們需要有最高的角度，這樣陽光才能照到建筑物上。
有趣的是，建筑的屋頂末端的翹曲與其地理緯度之間有著非常明顯的相關性。為什么?因為在低緯度靠近赤道的地方，太陽的位置也更高，這意味著屋檐需要彎曲得更高，以便讓陽光直接進入建筑。與此同時，在北方高緯度地區(qū)，如日本、韓國、中國北部，太陽在空中的位置更低，這意味著屋頂不需要彎曲太多以允許陽光直射。
日本寺廟：

北京紫禁城（中國北方）：

朝鮮宮殿：
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Now, in case you’re wondering why this is a “compromise,” again, it’s just the cost of it all. Curved eaves are obviously more difficult to build and require more materials.
However, it does seem like an elegant solution to all the major problems I listed above. Ultimately, this became a design feature in and of itself, one that defines a region or country’s style and philosophies. It’s honestly a very interesting aspect of East Asian architecture to discuss, and I hope this answer can provide some insight in the more scientific (?) reasons behind it.

現(xiàn)在，如果你想知道為什么這是一種“妥協(xié)”。再說一次，這只是綜合下來的代價。彎曲的屋檐顯然更難建造，需要更多的材料。
然而，它似乎是我上面列出的所有主要問題的完美解決方案。最終，這本身成為了一種設計特征，它定義了一個地區(qū)或國家的風格和哲學。老實說，這是東亞建筑非常值得討論的一個方面，我希望這個答案能夠為其背后更科學的原因提供一些見解。

Joel Reid
Japanese primarily use wood due to the issue of earthquakes and absence of lime.
Regular earthquakes means the flexible wood will last much longer in the presence of regular earthquakes such as the islands experience.
The japanese islands are volcanic and thus relatively new rock, this means it has very little limestone for stone builders to use to make concrete and mortar.
Compare this to the Chinese mainland, which has less regular earthquakes and access to lime. They use brick and mortar far more often, restricting wood more for roofing.

由于地震和缺乏石灰的問題，日本人主要使用木材。
經(jīng)常發(fā)生的地震意味著，在發(fā)生地震的情況下，例如在島嶼上，彈性的木材可以維持更長的時間。
日本島嶼是火山形成的，因此巖石相對較新，這意味著建筑工人用來制作混凝土和砂漿的石灰石很少。
相比之下，中國大陸地震頻率較低，也沒有太多石灰可供開采。他們更多地使用磚塊和灰泥，屋頂也更多地局限于木材。

Alex Kim
That is definitely a major factor, but I would argue that other East Asian countries and regions used wood about as much as Japan did. Chinese architecture is a little hard to define, as it varies dramatically from region to region. In some places, yes, brick and mortar is the norm, but wood was more prent in other places. Also, Korea does not have earthquakes, but also uses wood about as frequently as Japan.
Point is that there are many reasons for people to use wood. The need to withstand earthquakes was just one on top of many other reasons.

這絕對是一個主要因素，但我認為其他東亞國家和地區(qū)使用木材的數(shù)量和日本差不多。中國建筑有點難以定義，因為不同地區(qū)的建筑差異很大。在一些地方，磚和灰泥的確很常見，但在其他地方木頭更普遍。此外，韓國沒有地震，但也像日本一樣頻繁地使用木材。
重點是，人們使用木材有很多原因。抵御地震的需要只是眾多原因中的一個。

Joel Reid
If you study the places where wood is the norm, it is becasue they lack the lime or clay, or earthquakes are more common. Korea lacks large limestone deposits with a dominant granite, gneiss and sand, thus the reaosn is not becasue of earthquakes, it is resource availability.
korea does have plenty of clay, but wihtout lime the clay is usually used for pottery and tiling than for bricks.
The exception to the rule above is particulary hot-wet areas in southern Asia. Wood is preferred in those areas for two reasons, firstly is is very plentiful due to the hot wet climate and thus easy to repair quickly, and seocndly, beccause wooden buildings breathe better, which is essential for a hot wet climate to prevent rot and keep the house cool.
Asia is a place of very differieng landscapes. You will find in some locations earthquakes are more common yet stone/clay buildings are built, such as in the himalayas, but that is usually due to the absence of trees.
We often ignore the resource availability in developed locaitons due to our ability to transport those resources to where we want them, however sustainable architecture has to account for these environmental resource components.

如果你研究一下那些木材用料是常態(tài)的地方，那是因為他們?nèi)鄙偈一蛘惩?，或者地震更常見。韓國缺乏大型石灰?guī)r礦床，主要是花崗巖、片麻巖和沙子，因此原因不是地震，而是資源的可獲得性。韓國確實有很多黏土，但沒有石灰，黏土通常用于制陶和瓦，而不是磚。
上述規(guī)則的例外是南亞，這里尤其濕熱。木材是首選在這些地區(qū)有兩個原因，首先是由于炎熱潮濕的氣候木材非常普遍，因此，容易快速修復。其次，因為木制建筑呼吸更好，這是必不可少的濕熱氣候，以防止腐爛和保持房子涼爽。
亞洲是一個有著截然不同風景的地方。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)在一些地方地震更常見，但依然用石頭/粘土建造建筑，如在喜馬拉雅山，但這通常是由于沒有樹木而導致的。
我們經(jīng)常忽視發(fā)達地區(qū)的資源可用性，因為我們有能力將這些資源運輸?shù)轿覀兿胍牡胤?，然而，可持續(xù)建筑必須考慮到這些環(huán)境資源的組成部分。

Alex Kim
I never disagreed with you. I understand that local resource availability is a factor in the materials used. I just said that Japan’s use of wood is not just because of earthquakes. There are other considerations, including local resources. So in a way, you and I are agreeing.

我完全沒有不同意你的觀點。
我知道當?shù)刭Y源的可用性是使用材料的一個因素。我剛才說的是，日本使用木材不僅僅是因為地震。還有其他考慮因素，包括當?shù)刭Y源。所以在某種程度上，你和我是一致的。

Greg Tatar
Good point about the earthquakes and I think it’s as much the earthquakes as anything. In California, they build up to six stories using wood rather than reinforced concrete like they do on the east coast. That’s mostly because wood flexes and won’t break or crack, whereas concrete will. So in spite of the fire risk and termite risk, wood is preferable.

關于地震的觀點很好，我認為地震和其他因素一樣重要。在加利福尼亞，他們用木材建造了六層樓，而不是像在東海岸那樣用鋼筋混凝土。
這主要是因為木頭有彈性，不會斷裂或開裂，而混凝土則會。因此，盡管有火災風險和白蟻風險，木材還是最好的。

Irene Fuerst
San Francisco was built of redwood, which was plentiful and close by. No other reason.
Building codes have been tightened up in response to earthquakes. The house I live in (about 90 years old) is wood and masonry and would never be built today

舊金山曾是用紅木建造的，紅木數(shù)量豐富，而且就在附近。沒有其他的原因。
為了應對地震，建筑規(guī)范已經(jīng)加強了。我住的房子(大約有90年的歷史)是木頭和磚石結(jié)構的，這樣的結(jié)果永遠不會在今天建造。

Tomas Torheim
Interesting read.
Question: Why is it that only the corners are curved?
For sunlight to have such a profound effect on the corners, would not that indicate that traditional wooden buildings in East Asia has to be built in very specific alignments concerning North/South and East/West? That is, the corners has to be in such a position that they will block sunlight for a disproportional amount of time.
It seems to me that the cultural aesthetics has far more impact on the roof construction than rain and sunlight, simply because that specific design is so “l(fā)ocal”, there are, as far as I know, no other variation on that theme on wooden buildings anywhere else in the world.

有趣的內(nèi)容。
問:為什么只有四角是彎曲的?
考慮到陽光對屋頂四角又產(chǎn)生如此深遠的影響，這難道不意味著東亞的傳統(tǒng)木結(jié)構建筑必須南北、東西這種特定朝向建造嗎? 換句話說，當前東亞建筑的朝向使得屋檐四角遮擋陽光的時間不成比例得高。
在我看來，文化美學對屋頂構造的影響比雨水和陽光大得多。就我所知，世界上其他地方的木制建筑都沒有類似的設計。

Alex Kim
From what I understand, the corners rise up the highest because they extend the furthest from the walls of the building and thus block the most sunlight on average. So, in a way, you could say it’s more about balancing the sunlight that hits your building than it is about maximizing it. I also would imagine that curved corners would maximize sunlight during sunrise and sunset, which also happen to be the coldest part of the day.
In terms of the 45 degree angle, I can see where you’re coming from. But, at the same time, a building with a corner facing south will likely receive less light on average, as the Sun is always in the south part of the sky (in the northern hemisphere). So, to maximize sunlight, it makes sense to have the longest face of the building toward the south.

根據(jù)我的理解，屋檐四角彎曲程度最高是因為它們延伸出建筑墻最遠，因此平均遮擋了最多的陽光。所以，在某種程度上，你可以說（屋檐四角的翹曲）更多的是平衡照射到你的建筑上的陽光，而不是盡可能讓更多的陽光照射到建筑。我還會想象，屋檐四角的翹曲可以最大限度地利用日出和日落時的陽光，這也是一天中最冷的時候。
關于45度角，我可以看出你來自哪里。但是，與此同時，建筑一角朝南，平均接收到的光線可能更少，因為太陽總是位于天空的南邊(在北半球的話)。
因此，為了最大限度地利用陽光，建筑朝南的面最長是有意義的。
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Tomas Torheim
Could be, I just find it peculiar that that particular design element has no, as far as I know, comparable design any where else.
Take Norway, we have a wet and rainy climate, and hence, by the reasoning given for the corners, we should have at least, some buildings with a somewhat like variation of the theme, we do not.
We have wooden buildings that span a thousand years, throughout that time, there are none of the design elements that are used in East Asia, which makes me wonder if that particular design element is far more reliant on culture rather than practicality.
Having said that, I do not know much of anything about how wood was treated before it was used as a building material in East Asia, hence that could also impact the building style and, perhaps, make the practicality of such curves more prominent when designing such buildings.

可能吧，我只是覺得這很奇怪，就我所知，這種特殊的設計元素在其他任何地方都沒有類似的設計。
以挪威為例，我們有潮濕和多雨的氣候，因此，從角落的原因來看，我們至少應該有一些類似東亞變化的建筑，但我們沒有。
我們有超過一千年的木制建筑，但在這段時間里，沒有東亞使用過的任何設計元素，這讓我懷疑，這種特殊的設計元素是否更依賴于文化，而不是實用性。
話雖如此，我對木材在東亞被用作建筑材料之前是如何處理的知之甚少，因此，這也可能影響建筑風格，也許，使這種曲線的實用性在設計這樣的建筑時更加突出。

Alek Trajkov
Most likely you’re right. The benefit of additional sunlight would be minimal or non-existent vis-a-vis the complexity of bending the wood.

很可能你是對的。相對于彎曲木材的復雜性，額外的陽光的好處微乎其微，或根本不存在。

Manqing Li
At least in traditional Chinese culture, it is true that the most desired way for a house to be built is in alignment with North/South.

至少在中國傳統(tǒng)文化中，最理想的房屋建造方式是南北朝向。

Tomas Torheim
Yes, I’m aware of that, but for corners to have the effect OP mentioned, the building would have to be at a 45 degree angle to the North/South alignment, which is the part that puzzles me concerning the reason for curved corners.

是的，我知道這一點，但為了達到樓主提到的效果，建筑必須與南北方向成45度角，這是讓我困惑的、關于彎曲的屋檐四角的原因。

Clifford Polak
Thank you, I’ve been constructing homes for 40 years, this answer opened a whole new insight.

謝謝，我建造房屋40年了，這個答案打開了一個全新的視角。

Anna Vinogradova
This is interesting. In moderate climate, we get out of our way to block the sun when it’s in its highest, while letting it in when it’s at its lowest. In low latitudes, close to the equator, they actually want to let sunlight in when at its hottest?
Why is wood for the big roof so much cheaper than wood for the foundation? Why is it not the case, say, in Russia?
I suspect they curve the roofs because they can. Because snow is rare. Also, because they want shade but not humidity.

這很有趣的。在溫和的氣候下，我們會在太陽最高的時候擋住它，在太陽最低的時候讓它進來。在低緯度，靠近赤道的地方，他們真的想在最熱的時候讓陽光照進來嗎?
為什么大屋頂用的木頭比地基用的木頭便宜這么多?為什么在俄羅斯就不是這樣呢?
我懷疑他們把屋頂弄彎是因為他們有這個能力，因為雪很少見。此外，因為他們想要蔭涼而不是潮濕。

Peter Kapitola
Do you have any sources you can add to this answer? It’s an interesting theory, but how do we know it’s actually true?
I also question how much difference raising the corners slightly will have to the total amount of light coming into the room. It will make some difference if the light is coming in along the diagonal of the building, but no difference if the light is coming in perpendicular to a wall, since the light that is let through by the curved eaves will be falling outside the building anyway.

你有什么可以補充的消息來源嗎?這是個有趣的理論，但我們怎么知道它是真的呢?
我也質(zhì)疑略微抬高屋檐四角對進入房間的光線總量有多大的不同。如果光線沿著建筑的對角線進入，確實會有一些不同，但如果光線垂直于墻壁射入，則沒有區(qū)別，因為光線通過彎曲的屋檐，無論如何都會落在建筑外面。

Hank Barley
Although I have no issues with the nature/reasoning behind the design, the factors cited is universal. However, we don’t see the East Asian style of architectures elsewhere. I think history played a major hand in this, and that is the Japanese, Korean, and other Asians are heavily influenced by the Chinese culture, especially the Tang, Song, and Ming Dynasties. All the famous temples and imperial buildings cited are directly lifted from those periods.

雖然我對設計背后的本質(zhì)/推理沒有異議，但所引用的因素是普遍的。然而，我們在其他地方看不到東亞風格的建筑。我認為歷史在這方面起了很大的作用，日本人、韓國人以及其他亞洲人都深受中國文化的影響，尤其是唐、宋、明時期。所有被引用的著名寺廟和皇家建筑都直接取材于那個時期。

Bill
The curvilinear roofs in Japan and China are not universal and are generally used for temples and palaces and not typical residential homes.
In Japan, The Karahafu roof is a roofing style that originated from Japan. The roof is one of the gable types of roofing common in traditional Japanese buildings. A dome shape at the top with the roof running up to the wall or the lower roof defines the formation of a Karahafu roof.
The Karahafu roof is an ancient architecture famous for Japanese castles, Shinto shrines, and Buddhist temples. The name of the roof, Kara, means elegant or noble. That is why the roof style was famous for highly-regarded buildings. The curved roofing style was initially common temples and palaces only. The roofing plan became famous during the Kamakura and Muromachi period when visitors to the Asian continent adopted the style. The Azuchi-Momoyama period increased the use of Karahafu roofs in the creation of daimyo’s mansions.

日本和中國的翹曲屋頂并不普遍，通常只用于寺廟和宮殿，而不是典型的住宅。

在日本，Karahafu屋頂是起源于日本的一種屋頂風格。這種屋頂是日本傳統(tǒng)建筑中常見的山形屋頂類型之一。圓頂屋頂延伸到墻的頂部的圓頂形狀定義了Karahafu屋頂?shù)男问健?br /> Karahafu屋頂是一個古老的建筑形式，以日本城堡、神道神社和佛教寺廟而聞名。屋頂?shù)拿?，Kara，意思是優(yōu)雅或高貴。這就是為什么這種屋頂風格以高度評價而著稱。翹曲屋頂最初只是普通的寺廟和宮殿。在鐮倉和室町時期，到亞洲大陸的日本游客隨后采用了這種風格，使得這種屋頂方案變得很出名。隨后安土桃山時期，在大名的宅邸建造中增加了Karahafu屋頂?shù)氖褂谩?/b>