我的朋友告訴我，美國原住民就是古代黑人和中國人的混血。這聽起來可信嗎?

Claire Jordan
That… has a shred of truth in it, but it’s an extremely exaggerated way of looking at it. Native Americans are almost entirely descended from people who crossed over the Bering Strait from the Chukotka area, who probably had some very distant connections with China but were a long way north of it. There is some evidence that a small group of the dark but loosely “Caucasoid” people who would later colonise Australia settled in the far south of South America, and were probably absorbed by the later Asian-derived settlers.
So - Native Americans are 99.9% north-east Asian in origin, possibly with a tiny drop of input from those early travellers who were heading towards Australia via the far south of South America, and probably a tiny bit from the VIking visitors who came to Vinland a thousand years ago.

這部分正確，但這是一種極其夸張的看待它的方式。印第安人幾乎完全是那些從楚科奇地區(qū)越過白令海峽的人的后裔，他們可能與中國有一些非常遙遠(yuǎn)的聯(lián)系，但在中國以北很遠(yuǎn)的地方。
有證據(jù)表明，后來殖民澳大利亞的一小群深膚色但松散的“高加索人”定居在了南美洲的最南部，并且很可能被后來的亞裔移民所吸收。
所以，99.9%的美洲原住民是東北亞人，可能有一小部分來抵達(dá)了南美洲的、后來又有部分前往了澳大利亞的早期旅行者，也可能有一小部分來自于一千年前來到文蘭的維京游客。

David Cannon
There is also the prence of the R1b haplogroup, which indicates a trans-Atlantic connection. The Vikings had a settlement in eastern Canada, but if they were the source, I would expect haplogroups N and I1 to show up, which they don't. It's a mystery. R1b is almost unknown east of the Urals.

R1b單倍群也很普遍，這表明一種跨大西洋的聯(lián)系。維京人在加拿大東部有一個(gè)定居點(diǎn)，但如果他們是源頭，我預(yù)計(jì)單倍群N和I1會出現(xiàn)，但他們沒有。這是一個(gè)謎。R1b位于烏拉爾山脈東部某個(gè)地方，但幾乎無人知曉。

Miguel Arzak
The “Dark but loosely Caucasoid” group would have come by trans-pacific navigation?
That may explain caucasoid features with rather dark tanning that inhabited Argentina`s Center-South and left very little remains, but are heavily attested in chronicles and oral tradition.

“深膚色但松散的高加索人”群體是通過跨太平洋航行來的嗎?
這也許可以解釋為什么居住在阿根廷中南部的高加索人有著相當(dāng)深的皮膚，留下的痕跡很少，但在編年史和口述傳統(tǒng)中得到了充分證明。

Claire Jordan
Yes to both.

是的，兩者都有。

Hugh Luckock
If the ‘dark but loosely Caucasoid group’ later colonised Australia, they must have reached the tip of South American an awfully long time ago!
I believe Australia was first colonised between 50,000 and 70,000 years ago. It’s hard to imagine people navigating 10,000 km across the Pacific Ocean that long ago. And if they had, then surely they would have left evidence and descendants on the islands they stopped at along the way.
The Polynesians only reached the Pacific Islands in the last couple of thousand years, and I’m not aware of any evidence that these islands were inhabited before then.

如果這個(gè)“深膚色但松散的高加索人”后來殖民了澳大利亞，他們一定在很久以前就到達(dá)了南美洲的頂端!
我認(rèn)為澳大利亞第一次被殖民是在5萬到7萬年前。很難想象，那么久遠(yuǎn)以前，人們在太平洋上航行1萬公里。如果他們有，那么他們肯定會在沿途停留的島嶼上留下證據(jù)和后代。
波利尼西亞人直到幾千年前才到達(dá)太平洋島嶼，我不知道有任何證據(jù)表明在此之前這些島嶼有人居住。

William Drummond
We all descend from the first colony of humans that began in Africa. From there, they migrated north into the Middle East, continued north into Europe, or headed west towards Asia. Along the way, they ran into several of the pre-human species and interbred. Bodies began evolving (or mutating) lighter skin tones as some spent time in less sunny, less tropical environments. Nose shape, brow size, hair, and eye color, even height began to change to adapt to environmental factors. Still, they were human, and humans must explore. The migration continued. At each new area, some settled while others migrated. Before long, the humans reached the easternmost reaches of Russia and crossed the Bering Sea. Instead of a primarily northward migration, they had to drift south, and of course, east. After about 20,000 years, parts of the Gulf Coat region began colonizing, except they were not settling colonies. They moved about following their food. At the same time, other parts of the migrating humans made their way into Central America and then South America.
Humans have not stopped migrating. The human form as we know it today will look different 20,000 years from now. In all likelihood, we will have colonies on other planets, which, if they have less atmosphere and gravity, will cause us to become shorter. We may see some internal organs adapt to lower oxygen levels.
There is some evidence, though not a lot that some civilizations innovated boats to cross water. A discovery forty years ago in South America hinted that some Africans journeyed across the Atlantic and established a small settlement. I suppose when they did not return, the rest of their people decided not to follow. If memory serves, that settlement dated almost 60,000 years before the migratory humans reached that area. The two never intermingled, according to the evidence. Maybe the Atlantic was not as difficult to cross back then. The ocean between Africa and South America is notoriously rough.
Yes, all humans evolved from the African continent. One day, DNA tests will be sensitive enough to analyze which migration paths our ancestors took and perhaps how many generations stayed in one region before suffering the wanderlust leading to the start of a new migratory journey.

我們都是起源于非洲的第一個(gè)人類殖民地的后裔。從那里，他們向北遷移到中東，繼續(xù)向北進(jìn)入歐洲，或向東前往亞洲。一路上，他們遇到了幾個(gè)前人類物種并進(jìn)行了雜交。身體開始進(jìn)化(或變異)更淺的膚色，因?yàn)橐恍┤嗽诓荒敲搓柟饷髅摹⒉荒敲礋釒У沫h(huán)境中生活。鼻子的形狀，眉毛的大小，頭發(fā)，眼睛的顏色，甚至身高都開始改變以適應(yīng)環(huán)境因素。盡管如此，他們還是人類，而人類必須探索和遷移。在每一個(gè)新的地區(qū)，一些人定居，而另一些人遷移。不久，人類到達(dá)了俄羅斯的最東端，越過了白令海。它們不再向北遷徙，而是向南，當(dāng)然還有向東遷徙。
大約2萬年后，波斯灣地區(qū)的部分地區(qū)開始殖民，他們跟著食物移動(dòng)。與此同時(shí)，部分遷徙的人類進(jìn)入了中美洲，然后是南美洲。人類并沒有停止遷徙。我們今天所知道的人類形態(tài)在兩萬年前會有所不同。十有八九，我們會在其他星球上定居，如果這些星球上的大氣和引力更小，我們就會變得更矮，一些身體器官也會適應(yīng)低氧水平。
有一些證據(jù)(雖然不是很多)表明一些文明發(fā)明了船只來渡海。40年前在南美洲的一項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)暗示一些非洲人穿越大西洋，建立了一個(gè)小定居點(diǎn)。我想他們沒回來，其他的人也決定不跟著來了。如果我沒記錯(cuò)的話，這個(gè)定居點(diǎn)可以追溯到人類遷移到這一地區(qū)的近6萬年之前。
根據(jù)證據(jù)，這兩波人從未交往過。也許那時(shí)橫渡大西洋沒有那么困難。非洲和南美洲之間的海洋是出了名的波濤洶涌。
是的，所有的人類都是從非洲大陸進(jìn)化而來的。有一天，DNA測試將足夠敏銳，以分析我們的祖先走過的遷徙路線。

Lily Li
No. Native Americans are simply descended from Ancient North Eurasians associated with Europeans and East Eurasians associated with North Eastern Asians. No more and no less than that.
Amerindian have Y-Haplogroup Q1a1-M3. There are very few or negligible Chinese and almost no Africans with the same Y-Haplogroup subclade.
Amerindian mtDNA are A, B, C and D. These are not common mtDNA of most Africans. It is shared with some Chinese but they split 40,000 years ago and the subclades may be different. Chinese have additional mtDNA F, M and E not found among Amerindian but shared with Southeast Asians.

不。美洲原住民是歐亞板塊歐洲人種和東北亞人種的后裔。不多也不少。
美洲印第安人有Y -單倍群Q1a1-M3。具有相同的Y -單倍群亞分支的中國人和非洲人少到可以忽略不計(jì)。
美洲印第安人的線粒體DNA是A、B、C和D。這些不是大多數(shù)非洲人常見的線粒體DNA。它與一些中國人共享，但他們在4萬年前分裂，亞分支可能是不同的。中國人額外擁有mtDNA F, M和E，這是美洲印第安人沒有的，但與東南亞人共享。

Emre Kaya
The closest relatives of Native Americans would be Turks (not exactly Turkish people) like Tuvans, Mongols and Inuits I guess.

印第安人的近親是突厥人(不完全是土耳其人)，比如圖瓦人、蒙古人和因紐特人。

Lily Li
They could be distantly related to Xiongnu, both have Q-M3 subclade. They would be partly related to some Turks, especially Altaian and Kyrgyz. But Turkic identity also includes West Asians, European and Scythian ethnicities.
I'm not sure about Tuvans. Their connections to Mongols, Evenk and Yakut are very ancient, and not that closely related.

他們可能與匈奴有遠(yuǎn)親關(guān)系，均有Q-M3亞支。他們可能與一些土突厥人有部分關(guān)系，尤其是阿爾泰人和吉爾吉斯人。
但突厥人的身份也包括西亞人、歐洲人和斯基泰人。
我不確定圖瓦人。他們與蒙古人、伊文克人和雅庫特人的聯(lián)系非常古老，沒有那么密切的聯(lián)系。我不確定圖瓦人，他們與蒙古人、伊文克人和雅庫特人的聯(lián)系非常古老，沒有那么密切的聯(lián)系

Anne Agard
No, your friend doesn’t know what he is talking about, and is just making stuff up.
The ancestors of Native Americans migrated to the Americas from northeastern Asia in a couple of waves around 19,000 to 15,000 years ago. During this time there was a land bridge from Asia to Alaska that made this migration much easier.
This has been a long-standing hypothesis, and in recent years has been confirmed by DNA evidence.
All the peoples of Asia, Europe and the Americas are descended from people who migrated out of Africa around 100,000 years before that.

不，你的朋友根本不知道他在說什么，只是在瞎編。
大約在19000到15000年前，美洲原住民的祖先分幾次從東北亞遷移到美洲。在這段時(shí)間里，從亞洲到阿拉斯加有一座大陸橋，使得遷徙變得容易得多。
這是一個(gè)長期存在的假設(shè)，近年來被DNA證據(jù)所證實(shí)。所有亞洲、歐洲和美洲的人都是大約10萬年前走出非洲的人的后裔。

Anonymous
Well, Native Americans were located inside their tribes and they were spaced out all over the undiscovered America well before anyone came to visit it. It’s thought that the original Native Americans came to the Pacific Northwest around 5000 BCE and then from there migrated further into the country.
Blacks were not introduced to America until around 1619 when they first came to the Virginia Colony.
The first Chinese people to c0me to America are thought to have come about 1850 to participate in the California Gold Rush and escape their conditions in China.
You may want to pass along some History books to your friend.

美洲土著居住在他們的部落里，在有人來訪問之前，他們就分散在未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的美洲各地。人們認(rèn)為，最初的美洲原住民大約在公元前5000年來到太平洋西北部，然后從那里進(jìn)一步遷移進(jìn)這片大陸。
直到1619年左右，黑人第一次來到弗吉尼亞殖民地，他們才被引入美洲。
據(jù)認(rèn)為，第一個(gè)來到美國的中國人大約是在1850年，為了參加加州的淘金熱。你可能想把一些歷史書交給你的朋友。

Jeff Cook
LM you really want to tell other people to learn history when you think when you think that the natives came to America 70o0 years ago?
And you actually think that the first black person to be in North America was in 1619? That is the first in English America, there were black people and slaves in Spanish America before 1619.
In fact, the English didn’t originally bring them from Africa or from any land port. They literally attacked a Spanish ship that was bringing more slaves to Spanish America, when the English seized the ship then sold the slaves in Virginia once they arrived.
And Juan Garrido was black and he came willingly in 1502 to wage war for profit. He then came back again with more black friends in 1520 to kill some more. Another friend of his Nuno de Guzman came in 1529 to kill Aztecs. The Spanish even made him governor of a province for 8 years.
Yes the Spanish were willing to make black people governors 400 years before America let them run for office.
Seriously, you might want to get your friends to pass you along some history books.

哈哈，當(dāng)你認(rèn)為印第安土著人是7000年前來到美洲的時(shí)候，你真的想指導(dǎo)別人學(xué)習(xí)歷史?
你真的認(rèn)為北美的第一個(gè)黑人是在1619年抵達(dá)這里的嗎?這是英屬美洲的第一次，但在1619年之前西班牙美洲就有黑人和奴隸了。
事實(shí)上，英國人最初并不是從非洲或任何陸地港口把非洲人帶往美洲大陸的。他們襲擊了一艘運(yùn)送奴隸到西班牙美洲的西班牙船，英國人劫持了這艘船，一到弗吉尼亞就把奴隸賣掉。
胡安·加里多是黑人，他在1502年自愿來到這里，為了利益發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭。1520年，他又帶著更多的黑人朋友回來殺了更多的人。他的另一個(gè)朋友Nuno de Guzman在1529年來殺阿茲特克人。西班牙人甚至讓他當(dāng)了8年的省長。
是的，在400年前的美洲，西班牙人就愿意讓黑人競選當(dāng)省長了。
說真的，你最好讓你的朋友給你帶幾本歷史書給你。

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