A single kilo of beef creates 70kg of emissions. This feedlot in Colorado can hold 98,000 cattle.

每生產(chǎn)一公斤牛肉產(chǎn)生70公斤的廢氣?？屏_拉多州的這個養(yǎng)殖場可以飼養(yǎng)98000頭牛。

The global production of food is responsible for a third of all planet-heating gases emitted by human activity, with the use of animals for meat causing twice the pollution of producing plant-based foods, a major new study has found.

一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類活動排放的三分之一的溫室氣體是由全球食品生產(chǎn)造成的，動物肉制品生產(chǎn)造成的污染是生產(chǎn)植物食品的兩倍。

The entire system of food production, such as the use of farming machinery, spraying of fertilizer and transportation of products, causes 17.3bn metric tonnes of greenhouse gases a year, according to the research. This enormous release of gases that fuel the climate crisis is more than double the entire emissions of the US and represents 35% of all global emissions, researchers said.

根據(jù)這項研究顯示，整個食品生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，如農(nóng)業(yè)機械的使用、化肥的噴灑和產(chǎn)品的運輸，每年將造成173億噸溫室氣體。研究人員說，全球變暖元兇之一的這些氣體排放量是美國每年溫室氣體總排放量的兩倍多，占全球總排放量的35%。

“The emissions are at the higher end of what we expected, it was a little bit of a surprise,” said Atul Jain, a climate scientist at the University of Illinois and co-author of the paper, published in Nature Food. “This study shows the entire cycle of the food production system, and policymakers may want to use the results to think about how to control greenhouse gas emissions.”

“排放量在我們預(yù)期的更高的水平上，這有點令人吃驚，”伊利諾伊大學(xué)的氣候科學(xué)家和在《自然食品》發(fā)表論文的共同作者之一Atul Jain說?！斑@項研究顯示了食品生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的整個周期，政策制定者者可能有望借此利用研究結(jié)果好好考慮如何控制溫室氣體排放?！?/b>
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The raising and culling of animals for food is far worse for the climate than growing and processing fruits and vegetables for people to eat, the research found, confirming previous findings on the outsized impact that meat production, particularly beef, has on the environment.

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，飼養(yǎng)和宰殺動物作為食物對氣候的影響遠比種植和加工供人食用的水果和蔬菜糟糕，這證實了先前關(guān)于肉類生產(chǎn)，特別是牛肉生產(chǎn)對環(huán)境的巨大影響的研究結(jié)果。

The use of cows, pigs and other animals for food, as well as livestock feed, is responsible for 57% of all food production emissions, the research found, with 29% coming from the cultivation of plant-based foods. The rest comes from other uses of land, such as for cotton or rubber. Beef alone accounts for a quarter of emissions produced by raising and growing food.

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，使用牛、豬和其他動物作為食物以及這些牲畜所需飼料，占所有食品生產(chǎn)排放的57%，而來自植物食品種植產(chǎn)生的排放只占29%。其余部分來自土地的其他用途，如種植棉花或橡膠。單是牛肉生產(chǎn)加工就占了飼養(yǎng)和種植食品產(chǎn)生的總排放量的四分之一。
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Grazing animals require a lot of land, which is often cleared through the felling of forests, as well as vast tracts of additional land to grow their feed. The paper calculates that the majority of all the world’s cropland is used to feed livestock, rather than people. Livestock also produce large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas.

放牧動物需要大量的土地，這些土地通常通過砍伐森林清理出來，還需要大量額外的土地來種植它們的飼料。該報告計算出，世界上大部分農(nóng)田用于飼養(yǎng)牲畜，而不是用來喂飽人類。牲畜也會產(chǎn)生大量的甲烷，這是一種重度的溫室氣體。

“All of these things combined means that the emissions are very high,” said Xiaoming Xu, another University of Illinois researcher and the lead author of the paper. “To produce more meat you need to feed the animals more, which then generates more emissions. You need more biomass to feed animals in order to get the same amount of calories. It isn’t very efficient.”

“所有這些結(jié)合在一起意味著排放量非常高，”另一位伊利諾伊大學(xué)的研究員和該論文的主要作者Xiaoming Xu說。“為了生產(chǎn)更多的肉，你需要給動物生產(chǎn)更多的食物，這會產(chǎn)生更多的排放。你需要更多的總量來喂養(yǎng)動物，同時產(chǎn)生相同數(shù)量的熱量。這不是一種有效的生產(chǎn)方式?！?/b>

The difference in emissions between meat and plant production is stark – to produce 1kg of wheat, 2.5kg of greenhouse gases are emitted. A single kilo of beef, meanwhile, creates 70kg of emissions. The researchers said that societies should be aware of this significant discrepancy when addressing the climate crisis.

肉類生產(chǎn)和植物生產(chǎn)之間的排放差異是巨大的——生產(chǎn)1公斤小麥，排放2.5公斤溫室氣體。同時，一公斤牛肉產(chǎn)生70公斤的溫室氣體。研究人員說，在應(yīng)對氣候危機時，社會應(yīng)該意識到這一重大差異。

“I’m a strict vegetarian and part of the motivation for this study was to find out my own carbon footprint, but it’s not our intention to force people to change their diets,” said Jain. “A lot of this comes down to personal choice. You can’t just impose your views on others. But if people are concerned about climate change, they should seriously consider changing their dietary habits.”

Jain說：“我是一個嚴(yán)格的素食主義者，這項研究的部分動機是發(fā)現(xiàn)我自身的碳排放足跡，但我們無意強迫人們改變飲食”，“這取決于個人的選擇。你不能把你的觀點強加給別人。但是如果人們關(guān)心氣候變化，他們應(yīng)該認真考慮改變他們的飲食習(xí)慣?！?/b>

The researchers built a database that provided a consistent emissions profile of 171 crops and 16 animal products, drawing data from more than 200 countries. They found that South America is the region with the largest share of animal-based food emissions, followed by south and south-east Asia and then China. Food-related emissions have grown rapidly in China and India as increasing wealth and cultural changes have led more younger people in these countries to adopt meat-based diets.

研究人員建立了一個數(shù)據(jù)庫，收集了200多個國家的數(shù)據(jù)，提供了171種作物和16種動物產(chǎn)品的碳排放概況。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，南美洲是動物性食品排放量最大的地區(qū)，其次是南亞和東南亞，然后是中國。在中國和印度，隨著財富的增加和文化的改變，越來越多的年輕人開始食用肉類飲食，與肉類食品相關(guān)的排放量迅速增加。

The paper’s calculations of the climate impact of meat is higher than previous estimates – the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization has said about 14% of all emissions come from meat and diary production. The climate crisis is also itself a cause of hunger, with a recent study finding that a third of global food production will be at risk by the end of the century if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise at their current rate.

該論文對肉類之于氣候影響的計算結(jié)果高于此前的估值——聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織表示，約14%的排放來自肉類和乳制品生產(chǎn)。氣候危機本身也是導(dǎo)致饑荒的原因，最近的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果溫室氣體排放量繼續(xù)以目前的速度增長，到本世紀(jì)末，全球三分之一的糧食生產(chǎn)將面臨風(fēng)險。

Scientists have consistently stressed that if dangerous global heating is to be avoided, a major rethink of eating habits and farming practices is required. Meat production has now expanded to the point that there are now approximately three chickens for every human on the planet.

科學(xué)家們一直強調(diào)，如果要避免危險的全球變暖，就需要對飲食習(xí)慣和耕作方式進行重大反思。肉類生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)擴大到地球上人均三只雞（笑了）。

Lewis Ziska, a plant physiologist at Columbia University who was not involved in the research said the paper is a “damn good study” that should be given “due attention” at the upcoming UN climate talks in Scotland.

哥倫比亞大學(xué)的植物學(xué)家Lewis Ziska沒有參與這項研究。但他指出，這篇論文是一項“非常好的研究”，應(yīng)該在即將在蘇格蘭舉行的聯(lián)合國氣候會議上給予“應(yīng)有的重視”。

“A fundamental unknown in global agriculture is its impact on greenhouse gas emissions,” Ziska said. “While previous estimates have been made, this effort represents a gold standard that will serve as an essential reference in the years to come.”

Ziska說：“全球農(nóng)業(yè)的一個未知因素是它對溫室氣體排放的影響”?！半m然此前已經(jīng)做出了估算，但這一努力代表一個黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在未來幾年將成為重要的參考?！?br />