QA問答：哪個國家曾經(jīng)富裕繁榮，現(xiàn)在卻成了窮國？

Mano Butani
Zimbabwe was once a rich and flourishing country and now staring down the barrel, Argentina has not recovered from her fall from grace, which came about in the recession and South Africa is on a slippery slope. Venezuela, which has the largest oil reserves and was a very prosperous country is now in the grip of penury because a socialist party in control, which remains in power by rigging elections and unfair means stands in the way of economic progress. Iran hit by sanctions is a significantly weaker economy now.

津巴布韋曾經(jīng)是一個富裕繁榮的國家，現(xiàn)在卻面臨著危機，阿根廷還沒有從衰退中恢復(fù)過來，這一切都是在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退時發(fā)生的，而南非正在走下坡路。擁有世界上最大石油儲量的委內(nèi)瑞拉曾經(jīng)是一個非常繁榮的國家，但現(xiàn)在卻陷入了貧困之中，因為一個通過操縱選舉，采用不公平手段繼續(xù)掌權(quán)的政黨阻礙了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。受到制裁打擊的伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)在明顯疲軟。

Keyser Soze
Venezuela
Cuba
but rich is a relevant view and to a socialist/Marxist it is never rich enough yet too much

委內(nèi)瑞拉
古巴
但富有是一個相對的概念，對一個社會主義者/馬克思主義者來說，永遠(yuǎn)不會足夠富有，但也不會太富有

James Romanow
Argentina. I was driving home yesterday (17-Aug-21) and one of the hourly news items, noted that 42% of Argentinians are now living below the poverty line.
In the early part of the 20th century, Argentina was fabulously rich and getting richer. Then they elected a populist president (Peron) and things fell apart. Today the country is a serial defaulter on their international borrowings. And the government MUST borrow because it has managed the economy so badly income from taxes is risible.

阿根廷。昨天(8月17日-21日)我開車回家，一則新聞報道指出42%的阿根廷人生活在貧困線以下。
在20世紀(jì)早期，阿根廷非常富有，而且越來越富有。然后他們選出了一位民粹主義總統(tǒng)(庇隆)，情況就不一樣了，經(jīng)濟(jì)開始崩潰。如今，這個國家已經(jīng)連續(xù)多年拖欠國際借款。政府必須借款，因為這個國家對經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理很糟糕，稅收收入低的可笑。
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Gene Hennig
In the 1920’s Argentina was on par with the United States. A century later, the US is a superpower & look where Argentina is.
Venezuela once upon a time had a thriving middle class. But today the middle class is no more. People are jobless, hungry and poor.
Rhodesia with it’s white rule was the bread basket of Africa. People were well fed and workers migrated there for jobs. Now everyone but the politicians are dirt poor.

在20世紀(jì)20年代，阿根廷與美國旗鼓相當(dāng)。一個世紀(jì)后，美國是一個超級大國&看看阿根廷的情況。
委內(nèi)瑞拉曾經(jīng)有一個繁榮的中產(chǎn)階級。但今天，中產(chǎn)階級已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在。人們失業(yè)、饑餓和貧窮。
由白人統(tǒng)治的羅德西亞是非洲的糧倉。人們吃得很好，工人們移居到那里找工作。現(xiàn)在除了政客，所有人都窮得要命。

Oliver Ford
The first two are the result of socialism. The third was a result of putting people with no experience of agriculture in charge of commercial farms. Lessons are, socialism doesn't work and correcting historical injustices can have disastrous consequences if incompetent people get put in charge.

前兩個是…主義導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。第三個是讓沒有農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)驗的人負(fù)責(zé)商業(yè)農(nóng)場的結(jié)果。教訓(xùn)是，…主義是行不通的，如果讓無能的人掌權(quán)，糾正歷史不公可能會帶來災(zāi)難性的后果。

Davis apxton
Anti-colonialism created some bad results, because:
New leaders were more concerned with staying in power and accumulating personal wealth than the economy of the nation.
Poor land redistribution practices, in particular, were to blame. Farms were often broken up and given to people with no farming experience. Or to cronies of political leaders. A better idea would be to just raise taxes on farms, but not so much as to make them nonviable. Then use those taxes to pay for schools, etc., where farming practices would be taught, among other things.
Bad economic principles were also to blame. This causes hyperinflation and collapse of the economy.

反殖民主義造成了一些不好的結(jié)果，因為：
新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人更關(guān)心的是保持權(quán)力和積累個人財富，而不是國家經(jīng)濟(jì)。
尤其是糟糕的土地再分配做法是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。農(nóng)場經(jīng)常被分拆，分給沒有耕種經(jīng)驗的人?；蛘呤钦晤I(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的親信。一個更好的辦法是提高農(nóng)場的稅收，但不要提高到讓農(nóng)場無法生存的程度。然后用這些稅來支付學(xué)校建設(shè)資金等，在那里可以教授農(nóng)業(yè)實踐，以及其他知識。
糟糕的經(jīng)濟(jì)原則也是原因之一。這導(dǎo)致了惡性通貨膨脹和經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰。

Alexander Grigoriy Muradyan [di Angelo]
Argentina is very hyper inflated but Argentina isn’t that poor.

阿根廷是一個極度膨脹的國家，但它并沒有那么窮。

Sam Qwato
Go google the “economy of Argentina”.
In the old days, people said: Rich as an Argentine
I think it is the only First World country by GDP PPP Per Capita, in history, to spiral down to Third World.
Undone by rogue military dictatorship, etc…

谷歌搜索“阿根廷經(jīng)濟(jì)”。
在過去，人們說：像阿根廷人一樣富有
我認(rèn)為它是歷史上唯一一個以人均GDP購買力平價衡量的第一世界國家，現(xiàn)在落到了第三世界。
被流氓軍事獨裁統(tǒng)治和摧毀…
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Kokwai Thong
What country was once rich and prosperous but is now a poor country?
There are obviously some interesting examples of various countries described by the answers because the question is rather non-specific. The contrast between island states and smaller states as compared to larger nations probably makes it difficult to make valid judgements, especially when you have to compare different economic conditions and governance and also relative strengths in natural resources and populations. Perhaps we ought to delimit it to large nations with abundant resources and natural endowments as well as define the time span to say a century.

哪個國家曾經(jīng)富有和繁榮，但現(xiàn)在是一個窮國？
答案中顯然描述了一些不同國家的有趣例子，因為這個問題相當(dāng)不具體。島國和小國與大國之間的對比可能使我們很難做出有效的判斷，特別是當(dāng)你必須比較不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件和治理，以及自然資源和人口的相對優(yōu)勢時。也許我們應(yīng)該劃到擁有豐富的自然資源的國家，并且定義時間跨度，比如一個世紀(jì)左右。

If you restrict it to such conditions not many countries would make the list. Argentina began the 20th century as one of the wealthiest places on the planet. In 1913, it was richer than France or Germany, almost twice as prosperous as Spain, and its per capita GDP was almost as high as that of Canada. Over the last 100 years, Argentina’s place in the hierarchy of nations dropped precipitously, falling behind not only Europe but also many of the growing countries in Asia. Once a rich nation producing beef, wheat and other farm goods, plus an educated workforce made up of mostly European immigrants and their descendants, the country had constant crises often attributable to government mismanagement amidst fluctuating commodity prices which plunged millions into poverty and put the country off limits to all but really daring investors.

如果你把它限制在這樣的條件下，不會有很多國家會在名單上的。20世紀(jì)初，阿根廷是世界上最富有的國家之一。1913年，它比法國和德國富裕，幾乎是西班牙的兩倍，人均GDP幾乎和加拿大一樣高。
在過去的100年里，阿根廷在國家等級中的地位急劇下降，不僅落后于歐洲，也落后于亞洲許多發(fā)展中國家。曾經(jīng)是一個盛產(chǎn)牛肉、小麥和其他農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的富裕國家，加上受過良好教育的勞動力，其中大部分是歐洲移民及其后代，該國經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機，這往往歸因于政府管理不善，大宗商品價格波動，使數(shù)百萬人陷入貧困，除了真正大膽的投資者外，所有人都無法進(jìn)入該國。

Here are some of Argentina’s crises through history:
1930 ---The Great Depression hit Argentina especially hard, as demand in Europe and United States for its farm exports suddenly dried up. As customs revenues plunged, the government had trouble paying public workers, causing unrest to grow. Fed up with the crisis, the military staged a coup in 1930 against democratically elected President Hipolito Yrigoyen, setting a precedent for throwing out governments in times of economic trouble. For the remainder of the 20th century, more generals (14) than civilians (11) would run the country.
1955--- President Juan Peron, a populist who drew his support from Argentina’s poor and working class, oversaw a period of relative prosperity following World War Two. Factory workers received paid vacations and unxs gained unprecedented power as the economy grew at an annual pace of nearly 6 percent. However, by the early 1950s, the good times came to an end as commodity prices fell once again. Peron’s nationalizations of British-owned railroads and other property antagonized business leaders and caused investment to dry up. Inflation soared to 40 percent, and real wages plunged. The death in 1952 of Peron’s wildly popular first lady, Eva, known as “Evita,” weakened him further. Three years later, as labour strikes paralyzed the country, Argentina’s military intervened again and sent Peron into exile.

以下是阿根廷歷史上的一些危機：
1930——大蕭條對阿根廷的打擊尤其嚴(yán)重，因為歐洲和美國對其農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的需求突然枯竭。由于海關(guān)收入驟降，政府難以支付公務(wù)員工資，導(dǎo)致動亂加劇。受夠了這場危機，軍方在1930年發(fā)動了一場政變，反對民選總統(tǒng)Hipolito Yrigoyen，開創(chuàng)了在經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時期推翻政府的先例。在20世紀(jì)剩下的時間里，統(tǒng)治這個國家的將軍比平民多。
1955——阿根廷總統(tǒng)庇隆是一位民粹主義者，得到了阿根廷窮人和工人階級的支持，他在二戰(zhàn)后領(lǐng)導(dǎo)阿根廷度過了一段相對繁榮的時期。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)以每年近6%的速度增長，工廠工人獲得了帶薪假期，工會獲得了前所未有的權(quán)力。然而，到了20世紀(jì)50年代初，隨著大宗商品價格再次下跌，好時光結(jié)束了。庇隆對英屬鐵路和其他財產(chǎn)的國有化激怒了商界領(lǐng)袖，導(dǎo)致投資枯竭。通貨膨脹率飆升至40%，實際工資大幅下降。1952年，庇隆廣受歡迎的第一夫人伊娃的去世進(jìn)一步削弱了庇隆。三年后，當(dāng)勞工罷工使國家陷入癱瘓時，阿根廷軍隊再次介入，將庇隆驅(qū)逐出境。

1976 --- Argentina’s economy failed to stabilize under a succession of military and democratic governments that implemented wildly different policies. Between 1930 and 1983, presidents averaged only two years in office, while the lead minister for economic affairs was replaced at a pace of once a year. By the 1970s, many Argentines with warm memories of post-war prosperity were clamouring for the military to allow Peron to return home. The generals relented, and Peron assumed the presidency once again. But he was unable to heal either the economy or the increasingly violent fissures in Argentine society, and Peron died of heart failure just a year later.
Various armed factions struggled for control under Peron’s successor: his third wife, a former nightclub dancer he had met in Panama. In early 1976, as annual inflation surpassed 600 percent, the generals staged yet another coup. Ensuing years would see rising inequality and an explosion in Argentina’s foreign debt, as well as the deaths of up to 30,000 suspected leftists as the military tried to snuff out dissent in the so-called “Dirty War.” In 1982, the military launched an invasion of the Falkland Islands, a British colony claimed by Argentina and called the Malvinas by the South American country. Britain retaliated, and Argentina lost the ensuing brief, but bitter war. Many believed the military was using the conflict to distract from economic woes fueling political discontent.

1976——阿根廷的經(jīng)濟(jì)在一系列軍事和民主政府的統(tǒng)治下未能穩(wěn)定下來，這些政府實施了截然不同的政策。1930年至1983年間，美國總統(tǒng)平均任期只有兩年，而負(fù)責(zé)經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)的首席部長則以每年一次的速度更換。到了20世紀(jì)70年代，許多對戰(zhàn)后繁榮記憶猶新的阿根廷人大聲疾呼，要求軍方允許庇隆回國。將軍們讓步了，庇隆再次擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)。但他既沒能治愈阿根廷的經(jīng)濟(jì)，也沒能治愈阿根廷社會日益嚴(yán)重的裂痕。僅僅一年后，庇隆就死于心力衰竭。
在庇隆的繼任者——他的第三任妻子——他在巴拿馬遇到的前夜總會舞者——的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，各種武裝派別爭奪控制權(quán)。1976年初，年通貨膨脹率超過600%，將軍們上演了另一場政變。接下來的幾年里，不平等加劇，阿根廷外債激增，軍方試圖在所謂的“骯臟戰(zhàn)爭”中消滅異見人士，導(dǎo)致多達(dá)3萬名疑似左派人士死亡。1982年，阿根廷軍隊入侵?？颂m群島。阿根廷聲稱對該島擁有主權(quán)，并將該島稱為馬爾維納斯群島。英國進(jìn)行了報復(fù)，阿根廷輸?shù)袅穗S后短暫但激烈的戰(zhàn)爭。許多人認(rèn)為，軍方是在利用這場沖突轉(zhuǎn)移人們對經(jīng)濟(jì)困境的注意力，而經(jīng)濟(jì)困境引發(fā)了政治不滿。

1989 --- Democracy returned to Argentina in 1983 - this time to stay. With the armed forces disgraced by widespread human rights abuses, the loss of the Falklands War and poor economic management, a vast majority of Argentines deemed the armed forces unfit for power, an opinion that still prevails today. However, that did not mean stability. Under President Raul Alfonsin, public payrolls swelled while government revenues remained stagnant. In 1989, only 30,000 out of 30 million Argentines paid any income taxes. That year, inflation reached an unprecedented 5,000 percent, rising so fast that some supermarkets read prices out over intercoms rather than bothering to upxe price tags. As strikes swept the country and rioters looted supermarkets for food, Alfonsin decided to hand over power five months early to his elected successor, Carlos Menem.

1989——1983年，民主重新回到阿根廷——這一次是保留了下來。由于普遍侵犯人權(quán)、?？颂m群島戰(zhàn)爭的失敗和糟糕的經(jīng)濟(jì)管理，阿根廷軍隊聲名狼藉，絕大多數(shù)阿根廷人認(rèn)為軍隊不適合掌權(quán)，這種觀點今天仍然盛行。然而，這并不意味著穩(wěn)定。在總統(tǒng)勞爾·阿方辛的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，公共就業(yè)人數(shù)激增，而政府收入?yún)s停滯不前。1989年，3000萬阿根廷人中只有3萬人繳納所得稅。那一年，通貨膨脹率達(dá)到了前所未有的5000個百分點，增長如此之快，以至于一些超市通過對講機讀出商品的價格，而不是費心更新價格標(biāo)簽。當(dāng)罷工席卷全國，暴徒洗劫超市搶奪食物時，Alfonsin決定提前5個月將權(quán)力移交給他選出的繼任者Carlos Menem。

Andris Lielmanis
Most recent history points to Venezuela…Ancient Egypt used to be as was Roman Italy…Greece, China, Spain , Russia, India, France, the UK and Turkey all had their turn.
Today , on that list Venezuela has dropped more than has the Indian subcontinent, Egypt, China, Russia, Turkey, Italy, UK, Spain…with China and Russia on the upswing….the wheel turns with once wealthy countries self destructing and others having gone through hard times, sobering and rising from their own ashes.
The USA under Biden is in a dive…the question is whether the US voters will be wise enough to vote for a sober judicious sapient President that will pull it out of the dive or another , like Biden, who would accelerate the dive.

最近的歷史指向委內(nèi)瑞拉，古埃及曾經(jīng)同羅馬時期的意大利一樣，希臘、中國、西班牙、俄羅斯、印度、法國、英國和土耳其也一樣。
如今，委內(nèi)瑞拉的排名下降幅度超過了印度次大陸、埃及、中國、俄羅斯、土耳其、意大利、英國、西班牙，而中國和俄羅斯的排名上升....歷史的車輪一直在轉(zhuǎn)動，曾經(jīng)的富裕國家自我毀滅，而其他國家經(jīng)歷了艱難時期，從自己的灰燼中清醒并崛起。
拜登領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的美國正在沒落，問題是美國選民是否有足夠的智慧來投票給一位冷靜、明智的總統(tǒng)，讓美國從沒落中走出來，或者另一位像拜登一樣的總統(tǒng)，讓美國加速沒落。

Trisha Goswami
India.
India once was a very prosperous country, one of the richest at a time. It was also called a ‘Golden bird’ (Sone ki chidiya)
But in some centuries, due to many reasons, British rule being the main reason, it has become a low-middle income country in this world.

印度
印度曾經(jīng)是一個非常繁榮的國家，曾經(jīng)是最富有的國家之一。它也被稱為“金鳥”
但幾個世紀(jì)以來，由于許多原因——英國的統(tǒng)治是主要原因，在這個世界上，它已經(jīng)成為一個中低收入國家。

Pawan Agarwal
The following countries were once rich and prosperous but is now poor :
Iraq : Iraq was one of the fastest growing economies in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, cashing from its abundant oil reserves that benefited from the rise in petroleum prices. In was on its way to becoming a highly developed country with a skyrocketing GDP. It advanced its infrastructure, healthcare, and social services. When Saddam Hussein assumed power in 1979, the brutal dictator dragged the nation into an eight-year devastating war with Iran, ravaging Iraq's economy. The Iraq war that happened between 2003 to 2011 blew the country's economy further. The country has recovered with a per capita income of $17,000 (Rs 11.2 lakhs) but hasn't reached its former heights.
Cuba : The government of the Caribbean nation of Cuba struggles to give essentials like adequate transportation and housing facilities to its citizens. During the Cuban revolution, it had one of the highest GDPs in the Americas. Decades of com...st rule in addition to crippling US sanctions caused a decline in its wealth. It reached a low point in the 1990s and hasn't significantly recovered since. It has a per capita income of $11,900 (Rs 7.8 lakh).
Mali : Listed as one of the underdeveloped countries in the world, this drought-prone African country has a per capita income of just $2,200 (Rs 1.4 lakhs). Hundreds of years ago, Mali was the one of the largest and richest empires in Africa. It had as much as half of the world's supply of gold which it traded with merchants from Egypt, Persia, Venice and Genoa. After the destruction of its empire in the 16th century, its power and riches diminished and it hasn't recovered since. Today, much of its population relies on subsistence farming for a humble standard of living.

以下國家曾經(jīng)富有和繁榮，但現(xiàn)在貧窮：
伊拉克：在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代，伊拉克是世界上增長最快的經(jīng)濟(jì)體之一，它從石油價格上漲中獲得了豐富的石油儲備。當(dāng)時它正在成為一個GDP飛速增長的高度發(fā)達(dá)國家。它改進(jìn)了基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、醫(yī)療保健和社會服務(wù)。1979年薩達(dá)姆·侯賽因掌權(quán)后，這位殘暴的獨裁者將國家拖入了與伊朗為期八年的毀滅性戰(zhàn)爭，破壞了伊拉克的經(jīng)濟(jì)。2003年至2011年間發(fā)生的伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭進(jìn)一步打擊了該國經(jīng)濟(jì)。該國的人均收入已經(jīng)恢復(fù)到1.7萬美元(112萬盧比)，但還沒有達(dá)到以前的高度。
古巴：加勒比國家古巴的政府努力為其公民提供必要的交通和住房設(shè)施。在古巴革命期間，它是美洲GDP最高的國家之一。幾十年的共產(chǎn)主義統(tǒng)治，加上嚴(yán)重的美國制裁，導(dǎo)致其財富下降。它在20世紀(jì)90年代達(dá)到了最低點，從那以后經(jīng)濟(jì)就沒有明顯的恢復(fù)。它的人均收入為11900美元(78萬盧比)。
馬里：被列為世界上不發(fā)達(dá)國家之一，這個易受干旱影響的非洲國家的人均收入只有2200美元(140萬盧比)。數(shù)百年前，馬里是非洲最大最富有的帝國之一。它擁有世界黃金供應(yīng)量的一半，與來自埃及、波斯、威尼斯和熱那亞的商人進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。在16世紀(jì)帝國滅亡后，它的權(quán)力和財富逐漸減少，并且再也沒有恢復(fù)。今天，它的大部分人口依靠自給自足的農(nóng)業(yè)生活，生活水平很低。