距離核彈爆炸有多遠(yuǎn)才能活下來?
How far do you have to be from a nuclear bomb to survive?
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如何在核戰(zhàn)中求生？
正文翻譯
How far do you have to be from a nuclear bomb to survive?
離核彈爆炸有多遠(yuǎn)才能活下來?
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Far too many variables to give you a fixed answer.
How big a nuclear explosion are we talking about?
A 22 kiloton “Nagasaki” sized atomic blast is not the same thing as a W-88 Thermonuclear warhead.
Also… safe from what exactly? the physical blast wave, the ionizing radiation pulse, the thermal pulse, fallout? Different effects are bigger than others given the size of the bomb Yield. The different effects do not scale the same so by way of example, is smaller detonations the thermal pulse is not as far reaching as the blast wave itself, but as you go bigger ad bigger, the blast wave tails off more rapidly with distance and does not scale up the same way as the thermal pulse. With the bigger nukes, you can be well outside the blast radius and still receive lethal thermal exposure and die of massive 3rd degree burns to your body if exposed to line of sight to the fireball.
For the blast itself it depends on what sort of shelter you are in. The blast gets progressively weaker the further you are and what may not be good shelter close in, would be adequate further out. far enough out and you can survive the blast wave in the open (provided you are not struck by debris thrown outwards from further in).
Don’t be downwind or in the immediate vicinity.
變量太多以至于無法給你一個(gè)固定的答案。
我們說的核爆炸有多大?
22千噸當(dāng)量的“長崎”原子彈爆炸和W-88熱核彈頭不一樣。
還有…安全是指什么?是物理沖擊波，電離輻射，熱輻射，還是放射性塵埃?考慮到炸彈當(dāng)量的大小，當(dāng)量大各方面影響都更大。不同當(dāng)量的效果并不相同，舉個(gè)例子，如果是較小的爆炸，熱脈沖就不會(huì)那么遠(yuǎn)，隨著距離的增加，沖擊波會(huì)迅速消失。使用更大的核彈，即使你遠(yuǎn)在爆炸半徑之外，仍然會(huì)受到致命的熱輻射，如果暴露在火球的視線內(nèi)，你的身體會(huì)被灼成三級(jí)燒傷。
至于爆炸本身，這取決于你在什么樣的掩體中。你離得越遠(yuǎn)，爆炸的威力就越弱，距離近的地方可不是好的掩體，離得越遠(yuǎn)越好。如果離得足夠遠(yuǎn)，你就可以在露天的沖擊波中幸存下來(前提是你沒有被從深處飛出來的碎片擊中)。
不要在順風(fēng)處或近井地帶。
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Being outside however, you would still be in danger from the thermal pulse (heat wave) radiating from the fireball, but so long as you were out of direct line of sight of the fireball itself, you would be fine.
I would say that as long as you had some sort of physical barrier between you and direct line-of-sight to the fireball, you would be safe from just about every typical nuclear weapon out there as long as you were at least 20–25 miles from ground zero (and not downwind from fallout)
The above is a 1 megaton example. Most nukes are not that big.
The two most common nukes in the US inventory are 475 and 500 kilotons
500 kiloton is 1/2 a megaton.
對于1兆噸級(jí)的地面爆炸，在10-12英里之外，只要你有合適的避難所，你應(yīng)該是安全的(類似于躲避龍卷風(fēng))。在20英里之外，爆炸幾乎不會(huì)擊破窗戶，不要站在窗戶附近，否則你可能會(huì)被飛來的玻璃傷到。
然而，身處室外，你仍然會(huì)受到火球輻射出的熱脈沖(熱浪)的威脅，但只要你不在火球的可見范圍內(nèi)，你就沒事了。我想說的是，只要你和火球之間有某種物理障礙，你在距離核爆中心至少20-25英里的地方(而不是放射性塵埃的下風(fēng)處)，你就不會(huì)受到任何一種典型核武器的傷害。
上面是一個(gè)1兆噸當(dāng)量的例子。大多數(shù)核武器都沒有那么大。
美國庫存中最常見的兩種核武器分別是475千噸和500千噸，500千噸等于1/2兆噸。
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It isn’t easy. Some believe that if all the nuclear warheads were launched the earth might be uninhabitable anyway. This would be true if the new version of the Russian nuclear bombs are implemented, which scatter radioactive materials which would circulate everywhere. But there is a reasonable possibility that a nuclear winter would not happen and if you survived the initial war and you lived in a nation that was not destroyed you might survive.
這并不容易。一些人認(rèn)為，如果所有的核彈頭都被發(fā)射出去，地球可能無論如何都不適合居住了。如果俄羅斯的新版核彈被使用，這將會(huì)成真，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)將放射性物質(zhì)播散得到處都是。
但有一種合理的可能性，即核冬天不會(huì)發(fā)生，如果你從最初的戰(zhàn)爭中幸存下來，而你生活在一個(gè)沒有被摧毀的國家，你就可能會(huì)生存下來。
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As is true with most modern weapons systems, the answer is, it depends on a number of complex factors.
Just off the top of my head:
The kind of nuclear blast makes a huge difference. A dirty bomb will just scatter around radioactive dust in the immediate area. A modern hydrogen bomb can easily destroy an entire city with the initial blast alone; that’s to say nothing of the long term radiation danger. Problem at your local nuclear power plant? The immediate danger zone is almost certainly less than 10-20 miles from the plant.
就像大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代武器系統(tǒng)一樣，答案是，這事取決于許多復(fù)雜的因素。
我能想到的是:
核爆炸的類型不同，其結(jié)果就大不相同。臟彈只會(huì)在附近地區(qū)散布放射性塵埃。而一枚現(xiàn)代氫彈僅在爆炸之初就能輕易摧毀整個(gè)城市;更不用說長期的輻射危險(xiǎn)了。你當(dāng)?shù)氐暮穗娬居袉栴}嗎?幾乎可以肯定，距離核電站不到10到20英里就是直接的危險(xiǎn)區(qū)。
When in comes to the dangers of radioactive fallout time, location, and weather matter.
In general, it takes time for radiation to fall back to earth after a nuclear warhead is detonated; usually something between 12–24 hours.
In that case, assuming you survive the initial blast it’s key to head upwind of the larger area weather patterns and generally in the opposite direction of the jet stream (that usually means head West in the Northern Hemisphere, and head East in the Southern Hemisphere) before radioactive fallout starts coming down.
A major nuclear explosion from a military device will almost certainly result in retaliation, and then (potentially) further attacks and counter attacks by additional parties. At some point, this is expected to trigger a nuclear winter; killing plants, animals, and causing global temperatures to plummet to a new ice age. Between the multiple blasts and the immeasurable devastation of a nuclear winter event most people’s chances of survival are essentially zero.
如果我們談?wù)摰氖且幻丁鞍l(fā)射”的核彈頭，那么引爆高度也有關(guān)系。一般來說，爆炸高度越低，爆炸區(qū)域就越“集中”，破壞性就越大，足以摧毀堅(jiān)固的軍事建筑。針對普通平民目標(biāo)發(fā)射的核武器引爆得更高，因?yàn)槊裼媒ㄖǔ８菀妆淮輾?，因此將力量分散到更大的區(qū)域會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的建筑被摧毀。當(dāng)談到放射性沉降物的危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和天氣都很重要。一般來說，核彈頭引爆后，輻射要經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間才會(huì)落到地面，通常在12-24小時(shí)之間。假設(shè)你在最初的爆炸中幸存下來，在這種情況下，輻射沉降物下來之前，關(guān)鍵是要迎風(fēng)進(jìn)入更廣闊的區(qū)域，與急流相反的方向(這通常意味著北半球往西走，南半球往東走）。
軍事裝置的重大核爆炸幾乎肯定會(huì)導(dǎo)致報(bào)復(fù)，然后(可能)由其他方進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的攻擊和反擊。在某種程度上，這將引發(fā)核冬天。殺死植物和動(dòng)物，導(dǎo)致全球氣溫驟降到一個(gè)新的冰河時(shí)代。在多次爆炸和核冬天不可估量的破壞之間，大多數(shù)人的生存機(jī)會(huì)基本上為零。
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Generally, with proper security clearances, you can get within inches of a nuclear weapon and be perfectly safe.
If the thing actually detonates, however, there is no reliable way to determine “safe".
Close enough, you won't have time to worry.
Far enough to survive the blast you will worry about if medical care survived and will reach you in time.
一般來說，有適當(dāng)?shù)陌踩S可，你離核武器只有幾英寸的距離，也絕對安全。然而，如果這東西真的引爆了，沒有可靠的方法來確定“安全”。
距離足夠近的話，你沒時(shí)間考慮安全的。而遠(yuǎn)到足以在爆炸中幸存下來，你會(huì)擔(dān)心醫(yī)療護(hù)理是否幸存，是否能及時(shí)到達(dá)你的身邊。
The range of explosive yields of nuclear weapons spans more than 5000:1. There are thermonuclear weapons with 50 megaton yields and tactical nukes of well under 10 kilotons. Hiroshima sized weapons are about 15 kilotons.
And then there's the question of whether the bomb was exploded at the surface or a air blast. Some bombs are meant to drill into the earth and explode below ground to destroy hardened bunkers and launchers rather than cities, buildings and people. That affects how it destroys its surroundings.
Whether or not you have an adequate shelter is also a factor.
Finally what do you mean survive? Survive the initial blast but be injured, survive the initial blast to succomb to radiation poisoning three days later, survive without incident for 30 years, or live to be 90 without your chances of getting cancer increasing by more than 10%?
Too many variables you did not specify.
核武器的爆炸當(dāng)量范圍超過5000:1。有五千萬噸當(dāng)量的熱核武器，也有遠(yuǎn)低于一萬噸當(dāng)量的戰(zhàn)術(shù)核武器。廣島大小的核武器大約有一萬五千噸當(dāng)量。
還有一個(gè)問題是，炸彈是在地面爆炸還是在空中爆炸。有些炸彈的目的是鉆入地下，在地下爆炸，摧毀堅(jiān)固的掩體和發(fā)射裝置，而不是城市、建筑物和人。這影響了它破壞環(huán)境的方式。你是否有一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)淖∷彩且粋€(gè)因素。最后，你說的生存是什么意思?在最初的爆炸中幸存卻受傷，在最初的爆炸中幸存三天后死于輻射，還是在沒有事故的情況下存活30年，或者活到90歲而患癌癥的幾率增加了10%以上?有太多變量沒有指定。
The answer depends upon many variables, and whether you mean surviving the initial blast, or the exposure to radiation afterwards.
The initial explosion can vary in yield and intensity. Is it a ground strike or an airburst? Conventional or neutron bomb?
Ground zero is not survivable at the center blast radius. Temperatures here are hotter than the surface of the sun.
The initial explosion surges outwards creating a shockwave at hundreds of miles per hour. This shockwave carries debris that can strike and kill you. This initial blast also coincides with a strong electromagnetic pulse of Gamma radiation.
The blast reaches its apex as the vacuum created at ground zero pulls all of the debris back to the center and upwards (which can also strike you), forming the iconic mushroom cloud.
The debris pulled back into the cloud is irradiated. Depending upon speeds of winds aloft and the yield of the weapon, this irradiated debris can scatter downwind for many miles in the shape of a cone.
Earth, concrete, lead, and stone have low transmission factors. This means if you are protected from the initial explosion and your shelter has a low transmission factor, your odds are good that your shelter protected you from the gamma radiation pulse.
The irradiated debris from the fallout cloud is mostly an Alpha and Beta radiation hazzard. If you keep from prolonged dust exposure against your skin and clothing you can prevent ‘beta burns'. A bandana or facemask should keep the alpha radiation out of your lungs.
Hopefully you can find non-contaminated water.
As you can see, a lot of factors come into play, so my answer is - it depends.
答案取決于許多變量，你指的是在最初的爆炸中幸存，還是在之后的輻射中幸存。最初的爆炸在效用和強(qiáng)度上可能有所不同。是地面襲擊還是空中爆炸?常規(guī)彈還是中子彈?爆炸半徑內(nèi)的原爆點(diǎn)，是沒有生存的可能的。這里的溫度比太陽表面還要高。最初的爆炸以每小時(shí)數(shù)百英里的速度向外涌動(dòng)產(chǎn)生沖擊波。這種沖擊波攜帶的碎片可以擊中你并殺死你。最初的爆炸同時(shí)也伴隨著伽馬輻射的強(qiáng)烈電磁脈沖。爆炸達(dá)到了頂點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樵诹泓c(diǎn)處產(chǎn)生的真空將所有的碎片拉回中心并向上(這也會(huì)擊中你)，形成了標(biāo)志性的蘑菇云。被拉回云團(tuán)的碎片受到輻射。根據(jù)高空風(fēng)速和武器威力的不同，這些被輻射的碎片可以在順風(fēng)方向以圓錐的形狀散布數(shù)英里。土、混凝土、鉛、石頭的傳導(dǎo)系數(shù)低。這意味著，如果你在最初的爆炸中受到保護(hù)，而你的掩體的傳輸系數(shù)很低，那么你的掩體保護(hù)你免受伽馬射線脈沖傷害的幾率就很大。放射性塵降云的輻射碎片主要是阿爾法和貝塔輻射危害。如果你的皮膚和衣服沒有長時(shí)間接觸灰塵，你就可以防止“貝塔燒傷”。戴上大手帕或口罩可以防止阿爾法輻射進(jìn)入你的肺部。希望你能找到無污染的水。正如你所看到的，有很多因素在起作用，所以我的答案是——視情況而定。
It depends on whether it is a 10 kiloton bomb or a 1 megaton bomb. Weapon yield, geography, physical structures, and weather can have a dramatic effect.
without that kind of information a real answer cannot be given
這取決于它是1萬噸炸彈還是1百萬噸炸彈。武器當(dāng)量、地理、物理結(jié)構(gòu)和天氣都能產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。沒有這種信息，就無法給出一個(gè)真正的答案。
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At least 10 miles and up wind of the blast to avoid fallout. Also NEVER use conditioner in your hair as it binds to radioactive material.
至少在離爆炸地點(diǎn)10英里的上風(fēng)處，以避免放射性塵埃。此外，千萬不要在頭發(fā)上使用護(hù)發(fā)素，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)與放射性物質(zhì)結(jié)合。
Unable to answer without details such as;
type of nuclear blast ( fission or fission-fusion, enhanced radiation, etc)
The yield of the blast
Whether a surface, subsurface or air burst, and if an air burst, what altitude.
It also depends on your definition of survival
Give me those details and I will tell you.
沒有細(xì)節(jié)無法回答，如;
1，核爆炸的類型(裂變或裂變-聚變、增強(qiáng)輻射等)
2，爆炸當(dāng)量
3，是地表、地下還是空中爆炸，如果是空中爆炸，高度是多少。
4，這也取決于你對生存的定義
告訴我細(xì)節(jié)，我就告訴你答案。
The variables include: if it is an air blast or ground zero detonation; the kiloton or megaton yield of the detonation; weather conditions; geological barriers; concrete-steel structures versus wood frxd buildings; exposed above ground versus seeking shelter below ground; overlay of earth and/or other shelter characteristics providing a shield to radiation, overpressure and blast wave of detonation.
Generally, most nuclear weapons in today’s arsenals of the nuclear powers are in the low megaton or high kiloton range. Strategic changes in the use of nuclear weapons has over time gone from ground zero detonations of a high megaton yielding device, to multiple air blasts of lower yielding megaton to higher yielding kiloton devices. This change limits radioactive particles being carried into the atmosphere but expands the blast zone and the resulting blast wave created. It also generally dilutes the overpressure across a wider radius, but still generally sufficient to flatten standard constructed structures and seriously damage more robust concrete-steel structures.
In what is considered to be an “average” detonation, the radius from an air blast suffering the most damage, including to human life, will be between 2–3 miles; less if sheltering in various types of structures especially below ground. Ground zero blasts affect a smaller radius from the detonation center, down to >1 mile.
Within the calculus there is a range of variables which will determine the immediate survivability of a person, however, exposure to high levels of radiation can result in death over the course of weeks, and cancer rates proportionally increase with exposure as well.
變量包括:是否是空中爆炸或爆震;爆炸當(dāng)量為千噸級(jí)還是兆噸級(jí);天氣條件;地質(zhì)屏障;鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)還是木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑;暴露在地上還是在地下尋求庇護(hù);有無地面或其他遮蔽特性的覆蓋物，以提供對輻射、超壓和爆震波的屏蔽。一般來說，當(dāng)今核大國武庫中的大多數(shù)核武器都在低百萬噸或高千噸范圍內(nèi)。隨著時(shí)間的推移，核武器使用的戰(zhàn)略變化已經(jīng)從高百萬噸當(dāng)量裝置的地爆，到低百萬噸當(dāng)量裝置的空中爆炸，再到高千噸當(dāng)量。這一變化限制了放射性粒子進(jìn)入大氣，但擴(kuò)大了爆炸區(qū)域和由此產(chǎn)生的沖擊波。它通常也會(huì)在更大的半徑范圍內(nèi)稀釋超壓，但通常仍足以夷平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)構(gòu)，并嚴(yán)重破壞更堅(jiān)固的混凝土-鋼結(jié)構(gòu)。在所謂的“平均”爆炸中，空氣爆炸造成的損害(包括對人類生命的損害)最大的半徑將在2-3英里之間;在各種類型的結(jié)構(gòu)中，特別是在地下，遮蔽較少。地原爆點(diǎn)影響半徑較小，只有從爆炸中心到1英里。在計(jì)算中，一系列變量會(huì)決定一個(gè)人的即時(shí)生存，然而，暴露在高水平輻射下可在數(shù)周內(nèi)導(dǎo)致死亡，癌癥發(fā)病率也隨著暴露而成比例地增加。
This includes effects from the blast, such as radiation
I'm not a physicist, and certainly not a nuclear one. Also while a lot of information is available about these types of weapon systems some is still classified.
The answer to your question would depend on many factors such as the yield of the device, the specific method of delivery, the elevation at the point of detonation, geography and terrain considerations, weather, and no doubt many others, such as the materials your home is built from, or the source of your drinking water.
The yield of the device is relevant because it tells you something about the size of the blast, and the amount of radioactivity.
The method of delivery and elevation of detonation can effect the blast radius, and cratering, as well as the fallout.
The makeup of the terrain and geography can play a roll in the blast and subsequent fallout.
The weather can have a huge effect on the dispersion of fallout after the blast. For one thing, if the wind blows the fallout away from you then you will be able to be much closer to the blast site .
I have also read that the most dangerous radioactivity of the fallout decays by 90% after 49 hours, and another 90% after two weeks.
I just simply am not knowledgeable enough on the subject to answer your question, but I hope my answer has some relevant information to further considerations.
這包括爆炸的影響，如輻射。
我不是物理學(xué)家，當(dāng)然也不是核物理學(xué)家。此外，雖然有很多關(guān)于這類武器系統(tǒng)的信息，但有些仍然是機(jī)密的。你問題的答案將取決于許多因素,如炸彈的當(dāng)量,具體的實(shí)施方法,爆炸的高度,地理和地形,天氣,毫無疑問還有其他的因素,比如家里的材料是由什么做的,或你的飲用水的來源。炸彈當(dāng)量很有關(guān)系，因?yàn)樗芨嬖V你爆炸的規(guī)模和放射量。發(fā)射方式和起爆高度會(huì)影響爆炸半徑、成坑和沉降物。地形和地理的構(gòu)成會(huì)對爆炸和隨后的放射性沉降物產(chǎn)生影響。在爆炸后，天氣會(huì)對沉降物的擴(kuò)散產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。首先，如果風(fēng)把放射性沉降物吹離你，那么你就能離爆炸地點(diǎn)近點(diǎn)。我還讀到過，放射性沉降物中最危險(xiǎn)的放射性物質(zhì)在49小時(shí)后衰減90%，兩周后再衰減剩下的90%。我沒有足夠的知識(shí)來回答你的問題，但我希望我的回答有一些相關(guān)的信息，以供進(jìn)一步考慮。
Wow! It's an explosion, so you have the blast radius. There is also heat, and radiation. The yield of the weapon determines the safe distance for all three. If you hope for survival you must find a protected location, one heat resistant, sound against blast overpressure, and impervious to radiation. In short, either dig a very deep hole or don't be exposed in the first place.
哇!這是一次爆炸，所以有爆炸半徑。還有熱和輻射。武器的當(dāng)量決定了三種因素的安全距離。有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的生存曲線可用。如果你希望生存下去，你必須找到一個(gè)受保護(hù)的地方，一個(gè)耐熱，抗爆炸超壓，不受輻射影響的地方。簡而言之，要么挖一個(gè)很深的洞，要么一開始就不要暴露出來。
As mentioned by Mark Werner the size of the bomb, and the kind of bomb, as well as where you are when the bomb went off. Including how far from the bomb's ground zero. All these aspects would be critical to an accurate answer. Another aspect not mentioned here would be what type of detonation of the bomb would occur.
There are three types:
Air burst: the bomb explodes high in the air, so the fire ball does not touch the ground. Heat energy and ionizing radiation would be the most intense. Less fallout radiation.
Ground burst: the bomb explodes lower, but still in the atmosphere. The fireball does touch the ground. More heat, more ionizing radiation, more shock wave energy, more fallout radiation. Less radius of damage. Still anti-personnel, but greater facilities damage as well.
Subterranean burst: bomb hits the ground than detonates. Smaller radius of damage, but damage is more severe in that radius. Heat and ionizing radiation does not extend as far either, but there is a crater. Therefore shock wave travels through the ground similar to an earthquake. Fallout radiation is drawn up greater over a large area, for a longer period of time, and goes downwind further. Of course less anti-personnel, but death is 100% at ground zero and to the extent of the crater.
An instance where the bomb was small, and an air burst was the bomb over Hiroshima.
正如馬克·沃納所提到的，取決于炸彈的大小，炸彈的種類，以及炸彈爆炸時(shí)你在哪里。包括離爆炸地點(diǎn)有多遠(yuǎn)。所有這些方面都是準(zhǔn)確答案的關(guān)鍵。這里沒有提到的另一個(gè)方面是炸彈的引爆方式。
有三種類型
空中爆炸：炸彈在高空爆炸，所以火球不會(huì)接觸到地面。熱能和電離輻射是最強(qiáng)烈的。塵埃輻射較小。殺傷人員。
地面爆炸：炸彈在低處爆炸，但仍在大氣層中?；鹎虼_實(shí)觸地了。更多的熱量，更多的電離輻射，更多的沖擊波能量，更多的塵埃輻射。更小的傷害半徑。仍然殺傷人員,但更大的設(shè)施也遭到了破壞。
地下爆炸:炸彈擊中地面后引爆。傷害半徑較小，但在此范圍內(nèi)傷害更嚴(yán)重。熱和電離輻射也沒有那么遠(yuǎn)，但會(huì)有一個(gè)彈坑。因此，震波穿過地面的方式與地震類似。沉降物會(huì)在更大的范圍內(nèi)吸收更大的輻射，持續(xù)時(shí)間更長，而且會(huì)向下風(fēng)移動(dòng)得更遠(yuǎn)。有一個(gè)例子是在廣島上空爆炸的小型原子彈。
Based on the two dropped on Japan, at least eight miles, or six or seven if you are behind a thick stone wall. Hiroshima was destroyed in a ten mile radius around the bomb dropped on it, but there were survivors, though not many, within that radius. However, hydrogen bombs are far more powerful than atomic bombs, so you would either need a really, really thick stone wall or well over fourteen miles distance. Fourteen MILES!!! My goodness!
根據(jù)兩顆落在日本的原子彈來看，至少要有8英里，如果你躲在一堵厚厚的石墻后面，大概是6或7英里。廣島在10英里的范圍內(nèi)被摧毀,炸彈在它上方掉了下來,但在這個(gè)半徑范圍內(nèi),仍有幸存者,盡管沒有多少。然而，氫彈比原子彈威力大得多，所以你要么需要一堵非常非常厚的石墻，要么需要14英里以上的距離。14英里! !我的天哪!
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
As with many things, it depends.
It depends upon the size (yield) of the weapon. Just like a conventional bomb or explosion, the larger the yield, the more distance required.
It depends upon one’s protection. Standing in the open will require far more distance; sitting in an underground bunker will require far less distance. Because blast waves travel line-of-site and earth is a good radiation absorber, even lying down in a ditch, foxhole, or other depression in the ground can enable one to survive both the blast and the radiation much closer to the detonation.
Then, of course, it also can depend upon many other factors. Is the detonation an airburst or ground burst? The latter will create fallout, which means wind direction, wind speed, and other weather features will come into play. With fallout, one may require much more distance from the blast downwind than upwind. If it is raining, less distance may be required, even downwind, to survive fallout.
In sum, however, a little bit of training, thought, preparation, and protection can enable folks to survive far closer to a nuclear blast than one might imagine.
與許多事情一樣,這要視情況而定。
這取決于武器的大小(當(dāng)量)。就像常規(guī)炸彈或爆炸一樣，當(dāng)量越大，所需的距離就越大。
還取決于保護(hù)體是什么。站在開闊的地方需要更遠(yuǎn)的距離;在地下掩體里需要的距離則要短得多。
由于沖擊波沿爆炸地點(diǎn)是直線傳播，而地球是一個(gè)很好的輻射吸收器，即使躺在溝渠、散兵坑或地面上的其他凹陷處，也能使人在爆炸和輻射中存活下來。
當(dāng)然，這還取決于許多其他因素。這個(gè)爆炸是空中爆炸還是地面爆炸?后者將產(chǎn)生沉降物，這意味著風(fēng)向、風(fēng)速和其他天氣特征將發(fā)揮作用。如果下雨，需要的距離可能會(huì)更短，即使是在順風(fēng)方向，也能躲過墜塵?？傊?，只要稍加訓(xùn)練、思考、準(zhǔn)備和保護(hù)，人們就能在離核爆炸更近的地方生存下來。
To put into reference I will use San Francisco. If the bomb were to hit dead center, all of those in the city would perish. Those across the Bay Bridge, near Oakland would be safe, but would probably have burns, scrapes, and many would also die due to buildings collapsing. So about 10–20 miles out side of the zone you should be fine. Due be wary that fallout can spread hundreds of miles.
我將用舊金山作為參考。如果炸彈擊中市中心，城里所有的人都會(huì)死。那些穿過奧克蘭附近海灣大橋的人是安全的，但可能會(huì)被燒傷，擦傷，許多人也會(huì)因?yàn)榻ㄖ锏顾劳觥Ｋ噪x這個(gè)區(qū)域大約10到20英里你應(yīng)該沒事。但要小心，放射性沉降物可能會(huì)蔓延數(shù)百英里。
the spread of radioactive fallout Depends on an incredible number of different things.
1 the yield, which you have helpfully set at 1 megaton
2 the altitude of detonation
3 and a variety of environmental conditions especially wind patterns.
if the weapon is detonated in the air high enough that the fire ball doesn’t touch the ground, then fallout will be limited.
The more of the fireball that touches the ground, the more Radioactive material gets thrown up into the air for the wind to scatter. The exact distance possible for the fallout to be carried is hard to say, but I’d imagine with a ground detonation and strong wind currents you could detect some radioactive material from insane distances. As for distances where dangerous levels of fallout occur, that depends on weather patterns and altitude of detonation. Remember, the greater the area the fallout is scattered across, the lower the radioactivity in that area.
hopefully someone will come by and give some actual numbers, but I’d imagine they’d have to set some more parameters in order to do so
as for how long the fallout is dangerous, after 2 weeks it should be plenty safe to leave shelter and evacuate. I wouldn’t want to stick around outside though
remember that Hiroshima and Nagasaki were rebuilt fairly quickly, so the fallout wasn’t a long lasting issue.
放射性沉降物的擴(kuò)散取決于許多不同因素。
1，當(dāng)量，你設(shè)定的100萬噸
2，爆炸高度
3，以及各種環(huán)境條件，尤其是風(fēng)的類型。
如果武器在足夠高的空中引爆，火球不會(huì)接觸到地面，那么落塵將是有限的?；鹎蛟娇拷孛?，就有越多的放射性物質(zhì)被拋到空中，讓風(fēng)驅(qū)散。放射性塵降物可能影響的確切距離還很難說，但我可以想象，通過地面爆炸和強(qiáng)勁的風(fēng)流，你從非常遠(yuǎn)的距離都可以探測到一些放射性物質(zhì)。至于危險(xiǎn)放射性塵降物波及的距離，這取決于天氣模式和爆炸的高度。記住，放射性塵降物散落的區(qū)域越大，該區(qū)域的放射性就越低。希望有人能過來給出一些實(shí)際的數(shù)字，但我想他們必須設(shè)置更多的參數(shù)才能做到這一點(diǎn)。至于放射性沉降物有多危險(xiǎn)，兩周后應(yīng)該足夠安全，可以離開避難所和撤離，我可不想在外面逗留，但要記得廣島和長崎重建得很快，所以放射性塵埃不是一個(gè)長期持續(xù)的問題。