Soaring temperatures make daily life uncomfortable, but also pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. With the southern US in the grip of an extreme heatwave, here is our guide to getting through one.

氣溫飆升不僅使日常生活變得不舒服，而且嚴重威脅到人類健康和環(huán)境。隨著美國南部陷入極端熱浪，下面是我們?nèi)绾伟具^熱浪的指南。
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The oppressive temperatures of a heatwave can have far-reaching impacts, from risks to human health to destroying crops and increasing the risk of wildfires. In 2019, extreme heat is estimated to have caused the deaths of 356,000 people worldwide, according to one set of estimates, making it one of the most dangerous yet overlooked natural hazards. While there is still a great deal of uncertainty about toll that heatwaves take (the World Health Organization estimates 166,000 people died between 1998 and 2017, by comparison), there is little doubt that the number of people exposed to heatwaves around the world is increasing.

悶熱的高溫天氣可能會產(chǎn)生深遠的影響，從威脅人類健康到毀壞莊稼，再到增加野火的風(fēng)險。根據(jù)一組估算數(shù)據(jù)，2019年，全球大約有35.6萬人死于極端高溫天氣，使其成為最危險而又被忽視的自然災(zāi)害之一。盡管熱浪造成的死亡人數(shù)仍然有很大的不確定性（世界衛(wèi)生組織估算 1998-2017 年期間有 16.6萬人死亡）但毫無疑問，世界各地遭受熱浪影響的人數(shù)在不斷增加。
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And climate change is only likely to make heatwaves more frequent and intense in the future.

氣候變化可能使未來的熱浪更加頻繁和強烈。

The "heat dome" causing a record heatwave this summer in the southern US, including Texas and Louisana, has been made five times more likely due to human-induced climate change, according to one analysis. Temperatures have reached more than 119F (48C) and by mid July 2023 some 110 million Americans were under heat warnings. The energy grid in Texas has also struggled under the strain of surging air conditioning use.

一項分析顯示，由于人為引起的氣候變化，今年夏天在美國南部（包括德克薩斯州和路易斯安那州），“熱穹頂”引發(fā)創(chuàng)紀錄熱浪的可能性增加了五倍。氣溫已超過 119 華氏度（48 攝氏度），到 2023 年 7 月中旬，大約 1.1 億美國人處在高溫預(yù)警狀態(tài)。德克薩斯州的電網(wǎng)也在空調(diào)使用量激增的壓力下不堪重負。

In the US, an estimated 1,600 people die each year due to extreme heat while it can also place considerable strain on health services.

在美國，估計每年有1600人死于極端高溫天氣，并且給醫(yī)療服務(wù)帶來巨大的壓力。

Over the years, BBC Future has covered many different aspects of living with and enduring extreme hot weather. Here we round up some of what we have learned.

多年來，BBC未來欄目報道了關(guān)于適應(yīng)和忍受極端炎熱天氣的許多方面。在這里，我們總結(jié)了一些過往的經(jīng)驗。

How do you stay cool in a heatwave?

如何在熱浪中保持涼爽？

It's crucial to stay cool in hot weather as it can have serious effects on your health. Fortunately, there are some simple steps you can take to find relief when the temperatures climb to uncomfortable levels.

在炎熱的天氣里保持涼爽至關(guān)重要，否則會對你的健康產(chǎn)生嚴重影響。當氣溫升至令人不舒服的水平時，幸好可以采取一些簡單的步驟來解暑。
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Keeping out of the sun between 11am to 3pm – usually the hottest parts of the day – either by staying indoors or in a shaded area, is an obvious step. It is also important to drink plenty of liquid, including hot and cold drinks (unless it is very humid, in which case hot drinks aren't the best idea). But it's best to avoid drinking lots of alcohol, although a beer or two may still help to hydrate you.

上午11點到下午3點之間（通常是一天中最熱的時候）不要曬太陽，要么呆在室內(nèi)，要么呆在陰涼的地方，這是顯而易見的措施。大量飲水也很重要，包括熱飲和冷飲（除非天氣非常潮濕，在這種情況下，熱飲不是最好的選擇）。但最好不要喝太多酒，盡管一兩杯啤酒仍然可以幫助你補充水分。

Eating foods with high water content such as strawberries, cucumber, lettuce and watermelon can also help you to stay hydrated. Spicy and hot foods have also been shown to help us stay cool by making us sweat more.

吃含水量高的食物，如草莓、黃瓜、生菜和西瓜也能幫助你保持水分。辛辣食物也被證明可以讓我們多出汗，從而幫助我們保持涼爽。


Heatwaves are likely to make summer months more challenging in the decades to come

在未來的幾十年里，熱浪可能會使夏季變成更大的挑戰(zhàn)。

While the evidence on the colour of clothing is mixed – there appears to be little difference between wearing light or dark clothing as a study of Bedouin tribes in the 1980s revealed – wearing loose-fitting clothes can help by allowing air to circulate next to your skin.

雖然關(guān)于衣服顏色的證據(jù)存在不確定性——20世紀80 年代對貝都因部落的研究表明，穿淺色或深色衣服似乎沒有什么區(qū)別——但穿寬松的衣服可以讓空氣在皮膚周圍流通，有助于保持涼爽。

You should also think twice before you open all the windows of your house to keep cool – if the temperature if higher outside than inside, you might lose a possible cool haven. Close the curtains in rooms where they face the sun instead.

在打開家里所有的窗戶以保持涼爽之前，你也應(yīng)該三思而行——如果室外溫度高于室內(nèi)，你可能會失去一個涼爽的避風(fēng)港，應(yīng)該把直對太陽的房間的窗簾拉上。

One of the easiest ways to stay cool can be to take advantage of the temperature change in the air when water evaporates. Taking a cold shower or a swim can help you cool down quickly. Ancient societies placed earthenware jars of water or wet sheets in front of a window or a draughty spot, helping to cool the air as it passes over it. This can also work if you are using a fan by blowing the air over a bowl of ice or cool wet sheet.

保持涼爽的最簡單方法之一是利用水蒸發(fā)時空氣溫度的變化。洗冷水澡或游泳可以幫助你快速降溫。古代社會將盛有水的陶罐或濕床單放在窗前或通風(fēng)處，有助于給經(jīng)過的空氣降溫。如果你使用風(fēng)扇將空氣扇到一碗冰或涼爽的濕床單上，也是有效果的。

However, the evidence on the effectiveness of fans is quite mixed, largely due to a lack of good quality randomised trials. Generally, fans are thought to help in temperatures up to 35C (95F), but above that blowing hot air across the body could make the situation worse and even increase dehydration. It's also worth remembering that fans use motors to work, and so generate some heat of their own while running, so it is a good idea to keep a window ajar to improve the flow of air.

然而，關(guān)于風(fēng)扇有效性的證據(jù)充滿了不確定性，主要是因為缺少高質(zhì)量的隨機試驗。一般來說，風(fēng)扇在35攝氏度（95華氏度）溫度以下是有效的，但超過這個溫度，將熱空氣吹遍全身可能會使情況變得更糟，甚至加劇脫水。另外還需要記住，風(fēng)扇使用電機來工作，所以在運轉(zhuǎn)時會產(chǎn)生一定的熱量，因此正確的做法是保持窗戶半開，以改善空氣流通。

In the longer term there are a huge variety of ways we could adapt our houses and buildings to stay cooler in high temperatures, from wind catchers – towers which create cross ventilation in buildings and have been used by societies for millennia, to green roofs and corridors. Trees are an amazing way to keep cities cool – and even a single tree in a street or a garden can provide measurable cooling benefits. Meanwhile, cities such as Tokyo have experimented with new ways to keep a wider city cool, from solar-blocking paint to new types of low-energy air conditioning.

從長遠來看，我們可以通過多種方法使房屋和建筑物在高溫下保持涼爽，諸如風(fēng)塔（使建筑物產(chǎn)生交叉通風(fēng)，已被各國社會使用了數(shù)千年）、綠色屋頂、綠色走廊。樹木是保持城市涼爽的一種絕妙方式——即使是街道或花園中的一棵樹也能產(chǎn)生顯著的降溫效果。與此同時，東京等城市嘗試了一些新方法來讓整個城市保持涼爽，諸如防曬涂料、新型低能耗空調(diào)。
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Sleeping in a heatwave

在熱浪中睡覺

Temperature plays an important role in the human sleep cycle (and that of all mammals). As our bedtime draws near, our core body temperature typically falls along with our heart rate, and is thought to increase the familiar sensation of sleepiness. The veins in our hands and feet also open up to allow more blood through them, increasing the temperature of our skin and increasing heat loss.

溫度在人類（以及所有哺乳動物）的睡眠周期中起著重要作用。隨著就寢時間的臨近，我們的體核溫度通常會隨著心率而下降，并且被認為會增加熟知的困倦感。我們手腳的靜脈也會舒張，以增加血流量，從而提高皮膚溫度和增加熱量散失。
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But on hot, sticky nights, it becomes harder for our bodies to lose heat, meaning our ability to drift off to sleep is also affected. Hot night-time temperatures can also lead to more disrupted sleep, leaving people feeling more tired the following day.

但在濕熱的夜晚，我們的身體變得難以散發(fā)熱量，這意味著我們?nèi)胨哪芰σ矔艿接绊憽Ｒ归g的高溫天氣還會導(dǎo)致睡眠中斷，使人們在第二天感到更加疲倦。

The ideal room temperature for sleep is reported to be between 19-21C, although some research suggests we require our skin to be at a temperature of between 31-35C. Bed-sheets, duvets and night-time clothing such as pyjamas help to create a microclimate around our skin that maintains this optimal temperature.

據(jù)報道，睡眠的最佳室溫在19-21攝氏度之間，但一些研究表明，我們的皮膚溫度需要保持在 31-35攝氏度之間。床單、羽絨被、睡衣等夜間服裝有助于在我們的皮膚周圍營造一個小氣候，以保持最佳溫度。

And when temperatures begin to rise, our first instinct might be to throw off the bed sheets to expose more of our skin to the air to help us cool down. Unfortunately some research suggests this isn't as helpful as you might think because it disrupts the body's ability to control the temperature next to our skin through the night. So a thin sheet – rather than something thicker that might provide too much insulation – can help to ensure a better night's sleep.

當氣溫開始升高時，我們的第一反應(yīng)可能是扔掉床單，讓更多的皮膚暴露在空氣中，以幫助我們降溫。遺憾的是，有研究表明這沒有你所想的那么有用，因為這會破壞身體在夜間調(diào)節(jié)皮膚溫度的能力。因此，薄床單有助于確保更好的夜間睡眠，而厚床單可能產(chǎn)生過多的隔熱效果。

A better option might be to use a fan to increase the amount of air flowing over your body at night. Researchers have found that overhead or ceiling fans in particular help to distribute a gentle flow of air over the body, reducing the number of times people wake during the night.

更好的選擇可能是使用風(fēng)扇來增加夜間流經(jīng)身體的空氣量。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，吊扇特別有助于將柔和的氣流吹過身體，減少人們在夜間醒來的次數(shù)。
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Opening windows can also help if there is a gentle breeze, but in cities the noise from outside could only make matters worse. Keeping your curtains shut during the day, especially when the Sun is on the windows, can help to prevent your bedroom from heating up too much.

如果室外有微風(fēng)，打開窗戶也會有所幫助，但城市中的室外噪音只會讓情況變得更糟。白天拉上窗簾有助于防止臥室溫度過高，尤其是當陽光照射在窗戶上時。
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Avoiding late night snacks can also help. Late-night eating has been lixed to elevated night-time core body temperatures, which can disturb our sleep.

避免吃宵夜也會有所幫助，深夜進食與夜間的體核溫度升高有關(guān)，這可能會破壞我們的睡眠。

How does hot weather affect our health?

炎熱天氣對我們的健康有何影響？

The human body's ideal temperature lies between 35.01C and 37.76C (95-99.9F), depending on how it is measured, although most medical experts accept an average of 36.8C (98.2F). When the surrounding air nears or exceeds this temperature, particularly when humidity is high, the body's ability to cool itself weakens. One study from 2020 found the upper limit of what the human body can survive without serious health effects is a wet-bulb temperature of 35C (95F) – which is a measure of both temperature and humidity together. In high levels of humidity, it is harder for sweat to evaporate and so cool down.

人體的理想溫度介于35.01攝氏度 至 37.76攝氏度 (95-99.9華氏度)之間，具體取決于測量的方式，但大多數(shù)醫(yī)學(xué)專家認同的平均溫度為 36.8攝氏度 (98.2華氏度)。當周圍的空氣接近或超過這個溫度時，特別是當濕度很高時，人體降溫的能力就會減弱。2020 年的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人體在不出現(xiàn)嚴重的健康問題的情況下，所能承受的濕球溫度上限是35攝氏度（95華氏度），濕球溫度是同時測量溫度和濕度的指標。在高濕度環(huán)境中，汗水更難蒸發(fā)，所以人體更難降溫。

When the body becomes too hot or struggles to regulate its temperature, it can lead to heat exhaustion. It can come on quickly or over a few hours, but symptoms include feeling faint, excessive sweating, clammy skin, cramps and nausea. This can also lead to heatstroke, which means the body can no longer manage the heat and you should seek medical attention. Symptoms include feeling confused, vomiting or nausea, no sweating, excessively hot skin, and loss of consciousness or seizures.

當人體變得太熱或難以調(diào)節(jié)體溫時，可能導(dǎo)致熱衰竭。它可能會很快發(fā)作，也可能會持續(xù)幾個小時，但癥狀包括頭暈、出汗過多、皮膚濕冷、痙攣、惡心。也可能導(dǎo)致中暑，這意味著身體無法再控制熱量，你應(yīng)該就醫(yī)。癥狀包括感到意識模糊、嘔吐或惡心、無汗、皮膚過熱、意識喪失、癲癇發(fā)作。

Heatwaves can also lead to a range of health problems as diverse as headaches and dehydration to heart attacks and respiratory problems, sometimes leading to death. While people of all ages are susceptible to the heat, the elderly are particularly at risk during heatwaves as they are less able to regulate their body temperature, and are more vulnerable to heart problems due to heat stress. Those with underlying health conditions are also particularly vulnerable.

熱浪還會導(dǎo)致各種健康問題，如頭痛、脫水、心臟病、呼吸系統(tǒng)問題，有時甚至導(dǎo)致死亡。雖然所有年齡段的人群都容易受到高溫的影響，但老年人在熱浪中尤為危險，因為他們調(diào)節(jié)體溫的能力較差，并且更容易因熱應(yīng)激而出現(xiàn)心臟問題。還有慢性病患者也是脆弱人群。

It is estimated that half of the global population and around one billion workers are exposed to periods of harmful high temperatures.

據(jù)估計，全球有一半人口和大約10億工人長期暴露在有害的高溫環(huán)境下。


Climate change is causing heatwaves to last longer and become more frequent

氣候變化導(dǎo)致熱浪持續(xù)時間更長且更加頻繁。
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Hot weather has also been associated with worse outcomes in pregnancy and birth, higher suicide rates, mental health issues and increased hospital admissions.

炎熱天氣還與不良的孕產(chǎn)結(jié)局、高自殺率、心理健康問題、住院人數(shù)增加有關(guān)。

Some medications can increase the risk of hot weather. Some drugs for epilepsy and Parkinson's for example, have been found to reduce sweating and make it harder to stay cool. Diuretics can also increase the amount of water the body expels as urine, and could also lead to an imbalance of minerals.

有些藥物會增加炎熱天氣的風(fēng)險。例如，有些治療癲癇和帕金森病的藥物被發(fā)現(xiàn)會導(dǎo)致出汗少，使人體難以降溫。利尿劑會增加身體以尿液形式排出的水量，還可能導(dǎo)致礦物質(zhì)失衡。

Do heatwaves make inequalities worse?

熱浪會加劇不平等嗎？
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Climate change doesn't hit everyone the same way. The effects are disproportionately felt by the poorest, and often split down racial lines. Countries in Africa which have contributed only a little to the carbon emissions fuelling climate change will feel the effects more forcefully through drought and hotter temperatures. Hotter temperatures in Africa do not make the news in the same way as those closer to Western homes and African voices are not well represented at climate change summits.

氣候變化對每個人的影響不盡相同。最貧窮的人尤其能感受到這種影響，而且往往存在種族差異。非洲國家對加劇氣候變化的碳排放貢獻很小，但它們將通過干旱和高溫感受到更強烈的影響。非洲的高溫天氣不像西方國家那樣成為新聞熱點，而且非洲在氣候變化峰會上也沒有足夠的發(fā)言權(quán)。

Heat can be a slow killer as temperatures rise gradually, often without us noticing until it's too late. It may not be mentioned on death certificates, leaving medical authorities with a poor grasp of its prence.

隨著氣溫逐漸升高，高溫可能成為慢性殺手，當我們意識到時，通常為時已晚。死亡證明上可能不會提及這種情況，導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療部門對其患病率知之甚少。

Heat has often been seen in a positive light, especially when it comes to tourism. Now, there's an awareness that early warning of heatwaves can be a lifesaver. In India, people are warned by WhatsApp about high temperatures, while in the US there's a campaign to name heatwaves in the same way we categorise storms and hurricanes.

人們往往以積極的視角看待高溫天氣，尤其是在旅游業(yè)方面。現(xiàn)在人們意識到，熱浪的早期預(yù)警可以成為救星。在印度，WhatsApp會向人們發(fā)出高溫預(yù)警，而在美國，人們發(fā)起了一項運動，像給風(fēng)暴和颶風(fēng)分類那樣給熱浪命名。

For some people with disabilities, heatwaves can bring other challenges. Partially sighted people may not want to wear sunglasses because it covers up visual clues while hats can also affect blind people's echo sounding. Guide dogs risk burned paws if they walk on pavements in extreme heat.

對于一些殘疾人來說，熱浪可能帶來其他挑戰(zhàn)。視力受損的人可能不愿意戴墨鏡，因為它會掩蓋視覺線索，而帽子也會影響盲人的回聲定位。如果導(dǎo)盲犬在酷熱的人行道上行走，它們的爪子有被灼傷的風(fēng)險。

How the heat affects your brain

高溫對你的大腦有何影響？

If the warm weather has you a little hot under the collar, you are not alone. As the temperature rises, it would seem that it makes us all a bit more irritable, angry and stressed, and less happy.

如果炎熱的天氣讓你有點心煩意亂，那么并不是只有你才這樣。隨著氣溫升高，我們似乎都會變得更加煩躁、易怒、焦慮、不開心。

The symptoms range from the relatively mundane – motorists are a little bit more likely to honk their horns when they're stuck in traffic, and the police usually notice a spike in disorderly behaviour.

這些癥狀包括相對平常的情況——駕車者在遇到交通堵塞時更可能按喇叭，而警察通常會注意到不法行為的激增。

But, some of the symptoms are a little more alarming (even if only anecdotal). Research in Australia has found that there tends to be a spike in hospital admissions when the temperature is around 27C (80F), and in Greece a study found that 30% of the nation's homicides happen above 25C (77F). In Mexico, the hot weather is thought to cause tensions to run high, so perhaps it is best for all our sakes that we try to keep our cool in a heatwave.

但是，有些癥狀更令人擔憂（雖然只是傳聞）。澳大利亞的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當氣溫在 27 攝氏度（80 華氏度）左右時，入院人數(shù)往往會激增；希臘的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，該國 30% 的兇殺案發(fā)生在 25 攝氏度（77 華氏度）以上。在墨西哥，炎熱的天氣被認為會導(dǎo)致緊張局勢加劇，所以為了我們所有人的利益，我們最好在熱浪中保持頭腦冷靜。

Why does sunburn hurt?

為什么曬傷會痛？

Hot weather also comes with another risk – sunburn. The after-effects of sunburn can leave you feeling uncomfortable for days. But what is actually happening?

炎熱的天氣還會帶來另一種風(fēng)險——曬傷。曬傷的后遺癥會讓你連續(xù)幾天感到不適。但究竟發(fā)生了什么？

Nociceptors in our skin detect pain. One channel in particular is responsible for extreme heat – TRPV1 – though it isn't typically activated until temperatures reach 42C (107.6F).

我們皮膚中的痛覺感受器能感知疼痛。其中一個通道（TRPV1）針對極端高溫，但它通常在溫度達到 42°攝氏度 (107.6°華氏度) 時才會被激活。

Once your skin reaches that threshold the channel becomes activated, which in turn activates the entire nerve and communicates pain to the brain.

一旦你的皮膚達到閾值溫度，該通道就會被激活，進而激活整個神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，并將疼痛傳遞給大腦。

When we are sunburnt our skin becomes inflamed (it's why you turn pink). This inflammation sensitises the TRPV1 channel, meaning we constantly feel uncomfortable and even something like a lukewarm shower can feel excruciatingly hot.

當我們被曬傷時，皮膚就會發(fā)炎（所以呈現(xiàn)出粉紅色）。這種炎癥會使 TRPV1 通道變得敏感，這意味著我們會持續(xù)感到不適，甚至溫水淋浴也會讓人感覺很燙。

How to stay hydrated in the heat

如何在高溫下保持身體水分
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Keeping hydrated is a consistent public health message – for decades we've been urged by health authorities to consume as much as six to eight glasses worth of water a day, or 2-3 litres. But when temperatures rise, the need to keep fluids up is even more important.

保持身體水分是一貫的公共衛(wèi)生信息——幾十年來，衛(wèi)生部門一直叮囑我們每天喝六到八杯水，即2-3 升水。但當氣溫升高時，補充水分顯得更加重要。

Without a continual topping up of water (which makes up between 60% and 70% of our body weight) we start to dehydrate. The first reliable sign of dehydration is increasing thirst, when around 2% of body weight has been lost. Dehydration occurs more quickly with physical exertion or exercise. Even mild dehydration can cause fatigue and tiredness, and overheating as the body stops sweating to preserve water.

如果沒有持續(xù)補充水分（占體重的 60% 到 70%）我們就會開始脫水。脫水的第一個可靠跡象是口渴加劇，此時體重已減少約 2%。體力消耗或鍛煉會加快脫水速度。即使是輕微的脫水也會導(dǎo)致疲倦，并且當身體停止出汗以保存水分時會導(dǎo)致身體過熱。

Many of us instinctively reach for a glass of water, but it may not always be the best option. Milk may, in some cases, be better, as it contains small amounts of salt and sugar which can be lost through sweating. Coconut water also contains vital elements lost through excess perspiration.

我們許多人本能地去喝一杯水，但這未必是最好的選擇。在某些情況下，喝牛奶可能更好，因為牛奶含有少量的鹽和糖分，人在出汗時會流失這些東西。椰子水也能補充在過度出汗中流失的重要元素。


Milk may be a better choice than water in some cases, as it contains salt and other minerals lost through sweating

在某些情況下，喝牛奶可能是比喝水更好，因為牛奶含有因出汗而流失的鹽和其他礦物質(zhì)。

While staying hydrated is crucial, care should be taken not to drink too much. While it's unlikely you'll get to this point, drinking excessive amounts of water in a short space of time – in the order of several litres in just a couple of hours – can lead to symptoms of water poisoning, where the body can't replace the chloride lost in sweat fast enough, and in extreme cases can have tragic consequence.

雖然保持身體水分很重要，但應(yīng)注意不要喝太多。雖然不太可能達到這個地步，但在短時間內(nèi)飲水過量（在短短幾個小時內(nèi)喝幾升水）可能會導(dǎo)致水中毒的癥狀，即人體無法快速補充排汗流失的氯化物，在極端情況下可能會造成悲劇性的后果。

How can you stay safe in the sun?

如何在陽光下保持安全？

For those who do need to venture outside in the heat, it's important to use sunscreen and apply it properly, but also, to take other protective steps. Australia recommends the "slip, slop, slap" method, especially for children, which encourages people to "slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen and slap on a hat", as well as seeking out shade and avoiding the hottest hours. These simple steps have helped the country reduce its high skin cancer rates.

對于那些確實需要冒著高溫外出的人來說，使用和正確涂抹防曬霜很重要，同時也要采取其他保護措施。澳大利亞推薦特別適合兒童的“穿、涂、戴”方法，鼓勵人們“穿襯衫、涂防曬霜、戴帽子”，并且尋找陰涼處和避開最熱的時間段。這些簡單的措施幫助澳大利亞降低了皮膚癌的高發(fā)病率。

Protecting babies, whose skin is very thin and sensitive, requires a different approach. Sunscreen should never be used on a baby who is six months or younger, and a child under one year should not be directly exposed to UV rays, according to Australian sun safety experts. Instead, babies should be kept in the shade and dressed in lightweight, loose-fitting clothes that allow airflow, and a soft hat that will not become a choking hazard. Of course, babies and children should also never be left in a car on a hot day.

嬰兒的皮膚非常嬌嫩和敏感，保護他們需要另一種方法。澳大利亞防曬安全專家表示，千萬不能給六個月或更小的嬰兒使用防曬霜，一歲以下的兒童不應(yīng)該直接暴露在紫外線下。嬰兒應(yīng)該呆在陰涼處，穿著輕便、寬松、透氣的衣服，戴上不會造成窒息危險的軟帽。當然，在炎熱的天氣里，千萬不要把嬰兒和兒童留在車內(nèi)。

The dangers of hot cars

高溫車輛的危害

A car can heat up by 11C, or 20F, in just 10 minutes, while children's body temperatures rise three to five times faster than an adult's. In the US alone, more than 900 children have died in hot cars in the last 25 years. And it isn't just from children being deliberately left in cars – it's all too easy to forget that a sleeping baby is in the backseat, particularly if a routine (such as who does nursery drop-off) has been changed.

汽車在短短 10 分鐘內(nèi)即可升溫 11 攝氏度（20 華氏度），而兒童的體溫上升速度是成人的三到五倍。僅在美國，過去 25 年就有900 多名兒童死于高溫車輛中。這不僅僅是因為孩子被故意留在車里——人們很容易忘記后座上熟睡的嬰兒，特別是當日常習(xí)慣（比如誰送孩子去幼兒園）發(fā)生改變時。

This is why tips for prevention include making it a habit to check your entire vehicle before walking away, leaving something (like a handbag or phone) in the back that will force you to check, and asking your childcare provider to call you if your child hasn't arrived at their usual time.

因此建議采取以下預(yù)防措施：養(yǎng)成在下車之前檢查整個車輛的習(xí)慣，在后座留下一些東西（例如手提包或手機）以迫使你檢查車輛；如果你的孩子沒有在通常時間到達幼兒園，讓他們給你打電話。

Pets, especially dogs, also require extra care in the heat. On hot days, they should be kept indoors or in the shade and not taken for walks or exercise – not only can their paws burn on hot surfaces, but because they can't cool off by sweating the same way we do, they're particularly vulnerable to heatstroke.

寵物，尤其是狗，在炎熱的天氣下也需要額外的照顧。它們在熱天應(yīng)該呆在室內(nèi)或陰涼處，不要帶它們散步或運動——不僅它們的爪子會在炎熱的地面上被灼傷，而且由于它們不能像我們一樣通過出汗來降溫，所以它們特別容易中暑。