日本人是中國人的后裔嗎?（二）

Uncertain origins
The Jomon hunter-gatherers may have first appeared in Japan as early as 20,000 years ago and maintained a small population of around 1,000 individuals for thousands of years, Nakagome said. There is evidence of people living in Japan as far back as 38,000 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic, the researchers said in a statement, but little is known about these people.
"A long-standing hypothesis is that they were ancestors of Jomon," Nakagome said. This means that the Upper Paleolithic people may have transitioned into the Jomon people around 16,000 years ago, he added.

不確定的起源
繩文時(shí)期的狩獵采集者可能早在2萬年前就出現(xiàn)在日本，并在數(shù)千年間保持著大約1,000人的小群體，Nakagome說。研究人員在一份聲明中表示，在38000年前，也就是更新世時(shí)期，有人類在日本生活的證據(jù)，但關(guān)于這些人們知之甚少。 "一個(gè)長期存在的假設(shè)是他們是繩文人的祖先，"Nakagome說。這意味著更新世人類可能在大約16000年前過渡成為繩文人，他補(bǔ)充道。

Another possible explanation is that Jomon people originated in East Asia and crossed the Korea Strait when it became covered in ice during the Last Glacial Maximum — the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period when ice sheets were at their greatest extent — around 28,000 years ago, according to the statement.
"However, whether these hypotheses are true or not remains unknown due to a lack of Paleolithic genomes from Japan," Nakagome said.
At the start of the Yayoi period, there was an influx of people from China or Korea with experience in agriculture. These people introduced farming to Japan, which led to the development of the first social classes and the concept of landownership.
The Yayoi period transitioned into the Kofun period, during which the first political leaders emerged and a single nation, that later became modern-day Japan, was formed. However, until now, it was unclear if the Kofun transition was the result of a third mass migration or just a natural continuation of the Yayoi period.

另一個(gè)可能的解釋是繩文人起源于東亞，在最后一次冰盛期時(shí)，約28000年前，當(dāng)時(shí)朝鮮海峽變得被冰覆蓋，所以他們從東亞穿越朝鮮海峽到達(dá)日本，根據(jù)聲明中的說法。 "Nakagome說："然而，這些假設(shè)是否成立，目前還不得知，因?yàn)槿狈碜匀毡靖率罆r(shí)期的舊石器基因組數(shù)據(jù)。" 彌生時(shí)期開始時(shí)，有大量來自中國或朝鮮、擅長農(nóng)業(yè)的人涌入日本。這些人將農(nóng)業(yè)引進(jìn)日本，導(dǎo)致了第一個(gè)社會(huì)階級(jí)和土地所有權(quán)的發(fā)展。 彌生時(shí)期過渡到了古墓時(shí)期，這個(gè)時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了第一批政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，并形成了一個(gè)后來成為現(xiàn)代日本的單一國家。然而，直到現(xiàn)在，尚不清楚古墳時(shí)期的轉(zhuǎn)變是否是第三次大規(guī)模遷徙的結(jié)果，還是彌生時(shí)期的自然延續(xù)。

"Cultural transitions could have happened without involving genetic changes," Nakagome said. "Even if cultures look very different between two periods, it does not mean that process involved gene flow."
Previous research had suggested a third genetic input from immigrants at the time, but until now, nobody had been able to sequence DNA from any Kofun individuals to find out.

"Nakagome說："文化過渡可能發(fā)生在不涉及基因變化的情況下。"他補(bǔ)充道："即使兩個(gè)時(shí)期的文化看起來非常不同，也不意味著這個(gè)過程涉及基因流動(dòng)。" 以前的研究表明，在那個(gè)時(shí)候存在第三個(gè)遺傳輸入來自移民，但直到現(xiàn)在，沒有人能夠測(cè)序任何古墳時(shí)期的DNA以找出答案。

The results revealed that, as predicted by others, a third genetically distinct group of Japanese ancestors migrated to the country during the Kofun period. These ancestors came from East Asia and were most likely Han people from ancient China, Nakagome said.
"Han are genetically close to ancient Chinese people from the Yellow River or West Liao River, as well as modern populations, including the Tujia, She and Miao," Nakagome said. "We think these immigrants came from somewhere around these regions."

結(jié)果顯示，與其他人的預(yù)測(cè)一樣，第三個(gè)遺傳上獨(dú)特的日本祖先群體在古墳時(shí)期遷徙到了該國。這些祖先來自東亞，很可能是古代中國的漢族人，Nakagome說。 "漢族基因與黃河或西遼河的古代中國人以及包括土家族、畬族和苗族在內(nèi)的現(xiàn)代人群密切相關(guān)，"Nakagome說。"我們認(rèn)為這些移民來自這些地區(qū)附近的某個(gè)地方。"

The team's findings are not unsurprising to other historians who had suspected that this third group of Japanese ancestors existed.
"Archaeological evidence has long suggested three stages of migration, but the last one has largely been ignored." Mikael Adolphson, a professor of Japanese history at the University of Cambridge who was not involved with the study, told Live Science. "This new finding confirms what many of us knew, but it is good that we now get evidence also from the medical field."
The findings also showed that a majority of genes among modern-day Japanese populations originated from East Asia, across the three main periods of genetic mixing.
The team's analysis determined that "approximately 13%, 16% and 71% of Jomon, Northeast and East Asian ancestry, respectively," Nakagome said. "So, East Asian ancestry is dominant in modern populations."

該團(tuán)隊(duì)的發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于其他歷史學(xué)家來說并不令人意外，他們一直懷疑存在第三個(gè)日本祖先群體。 劍橋大學(xué)日本歷史教授Mikael Adolphson在接受Live Science采訪時(shí)表示："考古證據(jù)長期以來一直表明存在三個(gè)遷徙階段，但最后一個(gè)階段基本被忽視了。" "這個(gè)新發(fā)現(xiàn)證實(shí)了我們中的許多人所知道的事實(shí)，但通過醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的證據(jù)支持真好。" 研究結(jié)果還顯示，現(xiàn)代日本人口的大部分基因起源于東亞，在三個(gè)主要的混血時(shí)期。 該團(tuán)隊(duì)的分析確定了"繩文、東北亞和東亞祖先的遺傳血統(tǒng)分別約為13％、16％和71％，"Nakagome說。"因此，東亞祖先在現(xiàn)代人群中占主導(dǎo)地位。"

Missing lix
In the new study, Nakagome and his team analyzed the genomes of 12 individuals from across Japan. Nine dated to the Jomon period, and three were from the Kofun period, making it "the first study that generated whole-genome sequence data from Kofun individuals," Nakagome said.

缺失的環(huán)節(jié) 在這項(xiàng)新研究中，Nakagome和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)分析了來自日本各地的12個(gè)個(gè)體的基因組。其中9個(gè)來源于繩文時(shí)期，3個(gè)來源于古墳時(shí)期，這是"第一項(xiàng)從古墳時(shí)期個(gè)體中生成全基因組序列數(shù)據(jù)的研究，"Nakagome說。

However, the study does not shed light on whether the migration of East Asian people contributed to the transition from farming to an imperial state during the Kofun period.
"The Kofun individuals sequenced were not buried in keyhole-shaped mounds [reserved for high-ranking individuals], which implies that they were lower-ranking people," Nakagome said. "To see if this East Asian ancestry played a key role in the transition, we need to sequence people with a higher rank."
The study was published online Sept. 17 in the journal Science Advances.
Originally published on Live Science.

然而，這項(xiàng)研究并沒有揭示東亞人口遷徙是否對(duì)古墳時(shí)期農(nóng)耕到帝國國家轉(zhuǎn)變起到了作用。 "測(cè)序的古墳時(shí)期個(gè)體并沒有被埋葬在特殊的鑰匙形土丘中（這種土丘留給高級(jí)人物），這意味著他們是低級(jí)別的人，"Nakagome說。"要想了解這種東亞血統(tǒng)是否在轉(zhuǎn)變過程中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用，我們需要測(cè)序更高級(jí)別的個(gè)體。" 該研究于9月17日在線發(fā)表于《Science Advances》雜志上。 原文發(fā)布于Live Science。

Martin Liu
There is a story of emperor obsessed with finding elixir of life and then sent a ship with a lot of people to Japan and they were stuck in Japan and found it.
This story is probably untrue.
I will put some logic, critical thinking, and common sense into action. Long ago, people did not live all over the world. They started out in Africa. The people from Africa move out and spread. There are some barriers that prevent them to spread such as oceans and stuff.

有一個(gè)關(guān)于皇帝沉迷于尋找長生不老藥，并派遣大批人員去日本的故事，結(jié)果他們被困在日本并找到了該藥。
這個(gè)故事很可能是不真實(shí)的。
我將運(yùn)用邏輯思考、批判性思維和常識(shí)來分析。很久以前，人們并沒有遍布世界各地，起源于非洲。從非洲出發(fā)，人類開始擴(kuò)散。但存在一些障礙阻止他們擴(kuò)散，比如海洋等。

The Africans could not have crossed the atlantic ocean onto north america, how will they survive on the water? The technology was so bad a long time ago, I doubt any chance of transatlantic voyage. However, they were able to get to japan, and if you draw a line from Africa to Japan, you can clearly see that it ends up crossing through China, so it makes sense that Japanese end up descending from Chinese.

非洲人不可能越過大西洋到達(dá)北美大陸，他們?nèi)绾卧谒仙?？很久以前的技術(shù)非常落后，幾乎沒有跨大西洋的可能。然而，他們卻能夠到達(dá)日本，如果你從非洲向日本劃一條線，可以清楚地看到線路經(jīng)過中國，所以日本人據(jù)此確實(shí)有中國的血統(tǒng)。

Diego Martinez
NO. They’re similar as in East Asian but they are definitely not the same race. For example I can usually tell the difference between both. Mongols, Koreans,Vietnamese etc are descended from Chinese. Japan has had this island bubble where it never leaves and it’s it own race. Linguistically their language is way different and anyone who hears it spoken will know. Surprisingly all East Asian languages are unique in their own sense. So they aren’t “descended” from Chinese. A bunch of Chinese didn’t decide to leave China and settle on an island. However many people cannot tell the difference as Japanese people also mistakenly get racist comments intended for Chinese. People assume anyone that is Asian is Chinese and that can be really annoying.

不。他們與東亞人類似，但肯定不是同一個(gè)種族。例如，我通常能區(qū)分兩者之間的差異。蒙古人、韓國人、越南人等都是中國人的后代。日本一直處于這個(gè)島嶼泡泡中，從未離開，它有著自己的種族特征。在語言上，他們的語言非常不同，任何聽到他們說話的人都會(huì)知道。令人驚訝的是，在東亞，所有語言都有自己獨(dú)特的特點(diǎn)。因此，他們并不是“源自”中國。并沒有一群中國人決定離開中國，在島上定居。然而，許多人無法區(qū)分日本人和中國人之間的差異。人們認(rèn)為所有亞洲人都是中國人，這可能非常惱人。

Nicky Sekino
An interesting question.
A short answer is yes. Japan did not have a written form centuries ago. When the country began using the Chinese scxt, the Japanese language became complete with spoken and written forms, which was in the 3rd or 4th century.
Japanese aristocrats apparently thought Chinese culture was “higher” and learned it. Many migrants from China came to Japan and lived in the country, working in the country’s ruling class.
So, it is natural to say that Japanese culture has a big influence from China.

一個(gè)有趣的問題。 簡短的回答是是的。日本在幾個(gè)世紀(jì)之前沒有書寫形式。當(dāng)這個(gè)國家開始使用漢字時(shí)，日語才形成了口語和書面形式，這大約是在公元3到4世紀(jì)。 日本的貴族顯然認(rèn)為中國文化更高尚，并學(xué)習(xí)了它。許多來自中國的移民來到日本，在日本的統(tǒng)治階級(jí)中生活和工作。 因此，可以說日本文化受到了中國的很大影響。

Mitsu Hadeishi
The evidence seems fairly strong that the proto-culture and the majority of the ancestors of Japanese and Korean people originated together near Inner Mongolia, thousands of years ago. This was a separate and distinct culture from the proto-Chinese culture which at the time had already been in existence further south. Of course, there have been both cultural and genetic interactions between Chinese and Korean/Japanese and the later split groups of Koreanic and Japonic people for thousands of years, so these have never been completely separate, isolated populations. But the idea that Japanese and Koreans were “once Chinese” doesn’t really seem to comport with the evidence. Obviously at some time even earlier, however, all three groups likely branched off from a common migration from the west, long ago in prehistory.

證據(jù)似乎相當(dāng)明確，日本人和韓國人的祖先大部分起源于幾千年前的內(nèi)蒙古附近。這是一個(gè)獨(dú)立而獨(dú)特的文化，與當(dāng)時(shí)已存在的中國原始文化在南方有所不同。當(dāng)然，中國人與朝鮮人/日本人之間存在著文化和遺傳上的互動(dòng)，以及朝鮮語族和日本語族的后期分裂群體數(shù)千年來一直存在，所以它們從未完全分離，成為孤立的人口。但是，認(rèn)為日本人和韓國人“曾經(jīng)是中國人”的觀點(diǎn)似乎與證據(jù)不符。顯然，在更早的某個(gè)時(shí)候，這三個(gè)群體很可能都源自古代的西方遷徙，那是在史前時(shí)期很久以前的事情。
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Michael Mills
The Japanese people of today are not biologically derived from the historical Chinese population, but culturally they are derived from Chinese civilisation. Most of the essential features of Japanese civilisation, such as the writing system and much of the Japanese vocabulary, architecture, clothing, music, literature, etc, are derived from China.

今天的日本人并不是從歷史上的中國人口中進(jìn)化而來的，但他們的文化是源自于中國文明。日本文明的大部分重要特征，例如書寫系統(tǒng)和許多日本詞匯、建筑、服裝、音樂、文學(xué)等都來自于中國。

Biologically, the Japanese are a mixture of three population streams, one, probably the most ancient, coming from the south through Taiwan and the Ryuukyuu archipelago, a second, possibly equally ancient, coming from the north, from Siberia through Sakhalin and Hokkaido, and the third, probably the most recent, coming from Manchuria and North China through Korea. Thus, the racial mixture of the Japanese is somewhat different from that of the Chinese, who share the first and third components in the Japanese racial mix, but lack the second component, the one derived from Siberia.

從生物學(xué)上來看，日本人是三種人口流的混合物，其中一種（可能最古老）來自南方，通過臺(tái)灣和琉球群島傳入；第二種（也可能同樣古老）來自北方，通過庫頁島和北海道的西伯利亞傳入；第三種（可能最近）來自滿洲和中國北部，通過朝鮮半島傳入。因此，日本人的種族混合物與中國人的略有不同，中國人在日本種族混合物中共享第一和第三個(gè)組成部分，但缺少第二個(gè)來源于西伯利亞的組成部分。
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One physical characteristic that distinguishes the Japanese as a group from the Chinese as a group is the greater development of facial hair of the average Japanese man, by comparison with the average Chinese or Korean man. That characteristic is most probably derived from the population group that came from the north, since a very heavy development of facial and body hair was typical of the aboriginal inhabitants of Hokkaido, the Ainu people, who may well have originally been pure descendants of the population that came from the north.

將日本人作為一個(gè)群體與中國人作為一個(gè)群體區(qū)分開來的一個(gè)身體特征是，與中國或韓國男性相比，普通日本男性的面部毛發(fā)更為發(fā)達(dá)。這一特征很可能來自于來自北方的人口群體，因?yàn)槊娌亢蜕眢w毛發(fā)的大量發(fā)育是北海道土著居民阿伊努人的典型特征，他們很可能最初是來自北方人口的純粹后代。

Alexander Tan
Assuming by Chinese, you mean Han Chinese, then partly. Japan had an indigenous population, and their descendants are still in Japan. Many people from the Philippines migrated to the Japanese islands. What happened with the Han was that Han Chinese settlers first migrated to Korea, fleeing from a dynasty collapsing into chaos. These settlers populated a significant portion of the population in Korea. The Koreans were great seafarers, and some of their people, including some Chinese settlers, settled in Japan, and their descendants are still there as well.

如果你所說的中國人是指漢族，那么部分正確。日本有一個(gè)土著人口，并且他們的后代仍然生活在日本。許多來自菲律賓的人移民到日本列島。漢族移民首先移居到朝鮮，逃離一朝陷入混亂的王朝。這些移民在朝鮮半島占據(jù)了相當(dāng)大的人口比例。朝鮮人是偉大的航海者，他們的一些人，包括一些漢族移民，定居在日本，他們的后代也仍然存在于那里。

Mark Lanzarotta
There are a few Japanese who have some Chinese heritage through immigration, but the Japanese as an ethnicity are not Sino-Ti...an at all. They are usually considered to be a combination of Altaic, Austronesian, and ancient Austric (Jomons, who became the Ainus). Although the first wave of the Yayoi people came from the mouth of the Yangtze, these were Austronesians rather than Sino-Ti...ans. They were forced to migrate to southern Korea and Kyushu around 300 BC, due to Chinese expansion into their territory. They were joined by Puyi (Koreanic) people from Manchuria and became the Yayoi. When they absorbed the Jomon, they became the Japanese people.

有一些日本人有通過移民方式獲得了一些中國血統(tǒng)，但作為一個(gè)民族，日本人并不屬于漢藏語系。他們通常被認(rèn)為是高加索人、南島民族和古代澳斯特羅尼西亞人（即狩獵采集時(shí)代的和人，后來成為阿伊努人）的混合物。雖然最早的彌生人來自長江口，但他們屬于南島民族而非漢藏語系。由于中國擴(kuò)張進(jìn)入他們的領(lǐng)土，他們被迫在公元前300年左右遷徙到朝鮮半島南部和九州。他們被滿洲的滿族人（屬于朝鮮語族）加入，并成為了彌生人。當(dāng)他們吸收了狩獵采集時(shí)代的和人后，成為了日本人。

Hojai Jung
I really love and respect China and her Civilization, but some claims that the origin of everything came from China are a kind of nonsense in this discussion community.
How about German ethnic groups? I mean Migration Period(Barbarian Invasion) around the 4th century. They all came from Northeast Siberia (now Russia) by xiongnu's pressure. In this case, all western people came from Russia?

我非常熱愛和尊重中國及其文明，但是一些聲稱一切起源于中國的說法在這個(gè)討論社區(qū)中有些荒謬。那么德國的族群又如何呢？我指的是公元4世紀(jì)左右的遷徙時(shí)期（野蠻人入侵）。他們都是受到匈奴的壓力從東北西伯利亞（現(xiàn)在的俄羅斯）來的。按照這個(gè)邏輯，所有的西方人都來自俄羅斯？
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Russia is just a name of the country after 14 century. Slave people also moved from other regions after german's migration.
Japan and Korea people definitely moved from the Continent by walk or Southeast Asia by boats. Who can deny it? But that time must be 4~15 thousand years ago, before establishing Chinese civilization. The name of China just named only 2~3000 years ago, and that was not the fixed concept.

俄羅斯只是14世紀(jì)之后才成為一個(gè)國家的名稱。斯拉夫人也是在德國人遷徙之后從其他地區(qū)遷移而來。
日本和韓國的人肯定是通過步行或者乘船從大陸或東南亞遷徙而來的。誰能否認(rèn)呢？但那個(gè)時(shí)候應(yīng)該是在建立中國文明之前的4到15萬年前。中國這個(gè)名字只有2到3千年的歷史，并不是一個(gè)固定的概念。

So, please we have to distinguish the name of country and civilization and ethnic groups. Th more important thing is we do not have distort history to strengthen their ascendancy. That is the way of Hitler. Evey people and their history all equal and invaluable.

因此，請(qǐng)我們必須區(qū)分國家、文明和族群的名稱。更重要的是，我們不能歪曲歷史來加強(qiáng)自己的優(yōu)越感。那是希特勒的做法。每個(gè)人和他們的歷史都是平等而寶貴的。