When it comes to the core pillars of strategic nuclear deterrence, intercontinental ballistic missiles definitely occupy the top spot. Intercontinental ballistic missiles are so powerful that no weapon can match them, but they are extremely vulnerable before launch. In this case, its transportation and launch methods have become the primary factor that determines its battlefield survivability. So, what kind of launch method is suitable for these "nuclear behemoths"?

談到戰(zhàn)略核威懾的核心支柱，洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈無(wú)疑占據(jù)了首位。洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈威力巨大，任何武器都無(wú)法與之匹敵，但在發(fā)射前極為脆弱。在這種情況下，其運(yùn)輸和發(fā)射方式成為決定其戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)生存能力的首要因素。那么，什么樣的發(fā)射方式適合這些“核巨獸”呢?

The development of ballistic missile weapons has a history of more than half a century. During this period, many methods of missile transportation and launch have been derived, but the most popular one in the world is definitely the road mobile transport and launch mode. Simply put, ballistic missiles using this launch method will be installed on a transport erect launch vehicle. They can be launched directly from the vehicle without being installed on the missile launcher. It is the most convenient and cost-effective ballistic missile. Launch method.

彈道導(dǎo)彈武器的發(fā)展已有半個(gè)多世紀(jì)的歷史。在這一時(shí)期，衍生出了許多導(dǎo)彈運(yùn)輸和發(fā)射方式，但世界上最流行的無(wú)疑是公路機(jī)動(dòng)運(yùn)輸和發(fā)射方式。簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，使用這種發(fā)射方法的彈道導(dǎo)彈將被安裝在運(yùn)輸直立運(yùn)載火箭上。它們可以直接從車(chē)輛上發(fā)射而不安裝在導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射裝置上。它是最方便、最經(jīng)濟(jì)的彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射方式。

Once a war breaks out, each missile launch vehicle can quickly leave the bunker, maneuver quickly through the extensive road network, and launch missiles into the air at unexpected places for the enemy, thereby avoiding being locked by enemy reconnaissance equipment and being decapitated. The relatively low price makes it the first choice for ballistic missile transportation and launch.

一旦戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，每輛導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射車(chē)都能迅速離開(kāi)掩體，快速機(jī)動(dòng)通過(guò)廣闊的路網(wǎng)，在敵方意想不到的地方向空中發(fā)射導(dǎo)彈，從而避免被敵方偵察設(shè)備鎖定而被斬首。相對(duì)低廉的價(jià)格使其成為彈道導(dǎo)彈運(yùn)輸和發(fā)射的首選。

Currently, many ballistic missiles including China's Dongfeng-31, Russia's Topol-M and India's Agni-5 missiles all use this launch method. It can be said that this launch method can be used for everything from intercontinental ballistic missiles to tactical ballistic missiles, which shows its good versatility.

目前，包括中國(guó)的東風(fēng)-31、俄羅斯的白楊- m和印度的烈火-5導(dǎo)彈在內(nèi)的許多彈道導(dǎo)彈都使用這種發(fā)射方式。可以說(shuō)，這種發(fā)射方式從洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈到戰(zhàn)術(shù)彈道導(dǎo)彈都可以使用，可見(jiàn)其良好的通用性。

However, this approach also has limitations. First of all, the flexibility of this launch method relies on the highway network extending in all directions. Once a war breaks out and the highway is blocked by a large number of civilian vehicles, it may affect the deployment speed of missile launch vehicles. Secondly, the size and load-bearing capacity of the missile launch vehicle are limited. Therefore, under the constraints of the transportation platform, some modifications and sacrifices need to be made to the performance and structure of the missile.

然而，這種方法也有局限性。首先，這種發(fā)射方式的靈活性依賴(lài)于公路網(wǎng)的四通八達(dá)。一旦戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，高速公路被大量民用車(chē)輛堵塞，可能會(huì)影響導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射車(chē)輛的部署速度。其次，導(dǎo)彈運(yùn)載火箭的體積和承載能力受到限制。因此，在運(yùn)輸平臺(tái)的約束下，需要對(duì)導(dǎo)彈的性能和結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行一定的修改和犧牲。

Any form of motorized transport is subject to failure and is still less reliable than traditional fixed launchers. However, after comprehensive consideration, this transportation and launch method is still the most cost-effective. At least, a lot of money can be saved in building missile launch facilities.

任何形式的機(jī)動(dòng)運(yùn)輸都容易發(fā)生故障，而且仍然不如傳統(tǒng)的固定發(fā)射裝置可靠。但是，綜合考慮，這種運(yùn)輸和發(fā)射方式仍然是最具成本效益的。至少，建造導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射設(shè)施可以節(jié)省很多錢(qián)。

Since the launch of the first intercontinental ballistic missile in human history, the Soviet unx's R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile, ground-based fixed launchers have been accompanying the technological growth and development of ballistic missiles. In the early days of ballistic missile development, most of these fixed launchers were large missile launchers exposed on the ground, and came with a large number of command and auxiliary buildings and facilities, just like a small space shuttle launch site.

自人類(lèi)歷史上第一枚洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈——蘇聯(lián)的R-7洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射以來(lái)，陸基固定發(fā)射裝置一直伴隨著彈道導(dǎo)彈的技術(shù)成長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展。在彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)展的早期，這些固定發(fā)射裝置大多是暴露在地面上的大型導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射裝置，并附帶大量的指揮和輔助建筑和設(shè)施，就像一個(gè)小型航天飛機(jī)發(fā)射場(chǎng)。

This also directly leads to two problems: the ballistic missile launch site exposed on the ground looks too big in the sky and is easily discovered by the enemy. It is easy to be decapitated by the enemy at the beginning of the war. It is a problem for the battlefield survivability of the missile. Huge impact; and the second problem is more realistic: it is too expensive to build a ballistic missile launch site.

這也直接導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)問(wèn)題:地面暴露的彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射場(chǎng)在天空中看起來(lái)太大，容易被敵人發(fā)現(xiàn)。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一開(kāi)始就很容易被敵人干掉。對(duì)導(dǎo)彈的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)生存性是一個(gè)巨大的影響；第二個(gè)問(wèn)題更為現(xiàn)實(shí):建造一個(gè)彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射場(chǎng)太昂貴了。

A big reason why the R-7 ballistic missile has only been in service for less than ten years is that the construction cost of its launch site is too high. Public information shows that each time a launch site for R-7 ballistic missiles was built, 5% of the Soviet defense budget was spent . In desperation, the cash-strapped Soviet unx naturally chose new missiles that were more advanced and more cost-effective to replace them.

R-7彈道導(dǎo)彈之所以?xún)H服役不到十年的一個(gè)重要原因是，其發(fā)射場(chǎng)的建設(shè)成本過(guò)高。公開(kāi)資料顯示，每建造一次R-7彈道導(dǎo)彈的發(fā)射場(chǎng)，就要花費(fèi)蘇聯(lián)國(guó)防預(yù)算的5%。在經(jīng)費(fèi)捉襟見(jiàn)肘的情況下，自然而然地，蘇聯(lián)選擇了更先進(jìn)、性?xún)r(jià)比更高的新型導(dǎo)彈來(lái)替代它們。

Over time, an alternative to ground-based ballistic missile launch sites emerged, which was to build missile launch facilities underground, use a heavy cement concrete launch silo to accommodate the missiles, and build underground command facilities nearby. Although this will cost a lot of money, it is still much cheaper than building a ground missile launch site.

隨著時(shí)間的推移，出現(xiàn)了一種替代地面彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射場(chǎng)的方案，即在地下建造導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射設(shè)施，使用重型水泥混凝土發(fā)射井容納導(dǎo)彈，并在附近建造地下指揮設(shè)施。雖然這將花費(fèi)很多錢(qián)，但它仍然比建造地面導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射場(chǎng)便宜得多。
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In addition, the thick armor and concrete can also prevent the missile from being decapitated by the enemy, ensure our own nuclear counterattack force, and be able to quickly carry out nuclear counterattack against the enemy after the outbreak of nuclear war. Therefore, to this day, the United States' Minuteman-3 intercontinental ballistic missiles still use underground silos as a launch method, and Russia also retains many missile silos to allow intercontinental ballistic missiles to perform combat readiness duties.

此外，厚重的裝甲和混凝土還可以防止導(dǎo)彈被敵人斬首，保證我方自身的核反擊力量，能夠在核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)后迅速對(duì)敵人進(jìn)行核反擊。因此，直到今天，美國(guó)的民兵-3洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈仍然使用地下發(fā)射井作為發(fā)射方式，俄羅斯也保留了許多導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射井，以允許洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)備職責(zé)。
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It can be said that although this method is old-fashioned and rigid, and it is easy to be detected by the enemy in advance, its high reliability and unparalleled anti-strike capability are enough to keep this old and strong launch mechanism alive in the new era. .

可以說(shuō)，這種方法雖然陳舊僵化，容易被敵人提前發(fā)現(xiàn)，但其高可靠性和無(wú)與倫比的反打擊能力足以使這種古老而堅(jiān)固的發(fā)射機(jī)構(gòu)在新時(shí)代保持活力。

Although building fixed launch facilities for ballistic missiles is expensive, it is not that expensive compared to ballistic missile nuclear submarines. As the most expensive ballistic missile launch platform in the world, ballistic missile nuclear submarines can be said to be the backbone of the maritime strategic nuclear deterrence of most nuclear-armed countries, and those countries that do not have ballistic missile nuclear submarines are also trying their best to catch up in this field. It can be seen that its importance.

雖然建造彈道導(dǎo)彈固定發(fā)射設(shè)施很昂貴，但與彈道導(dǎo)彈核潛艇相比，并不那么昂貴。作為世界上最昂貴的彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射平臺(tái)，彈道導(dǎo)彈核潛艇可以說(shuō)是大多數(shù)擁核國(guó)家海上戰(zhàn)略核威懾的中堅(jiān)力量，而那些沒(méi)有彈道導(dǎo)彈核潛艇的國(guó)家也在這一領(lǐng)域奮力追趕?？梢?jiàn)其重要性。

Compared with the first two launching methods, nuclear submarines have the strongest concealment, and their deterrence capabilities are also the most terrifying - these nuclear black fish can sneak around in various oceans, and once a war breaks out, they can quickly surface and launch multiple missiles. A nuclear strike, and you can't even effectively detect and destroy it first.

與前兩種發(fā)射方式相比，核潛艇的隱蔽性最強(qiáng)，威懾能力也是最可怕的——這些核黑魚(yú)可以在各個(gè)海洋中鬼鬼祟祟地游蕩，一旦戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，它們可以迅速浮出水面，發(fā)射多枚導(dǎo)彈進(jìn)行核打擊，你甚至無(wú)法有效地發(fā)現(xiàn)并首先摧毀它。

The Russian Navy has fallen to this level, and it is gritting its teeth and insisting on sticking to its ballistic missile submarine force, because this is the pillar of Russia's nuclear deterrence against the United States.

俄羅斯海軍都已經(jīng)下降到這個(gè)水平了，還咬著牙堅(jiān)守自己的彈道導(dǎo)彈潛艇部隊(duì)，因?yàn)檫@是俄羅斯對(duì)美核威懾的支柱。
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Of course, ballistic missile nuclear submarines are currently only a "patent" for a few countries, because the development of a ballistic missile nuclear submarine and its supporting submarine-launched ballistic missiles requires a large amount of funding and technological support, which ordinary countries simply cannot afford.

當(dāng)然，彈道導(dǎo)彈核潛艇目前只是少數(shù)國(guó)家的“專(zhuān)利”，因?yàn)榘l(fā)展彈道導(dǎo)彈核潛艇及其配套的潛射彈道導(dǎo)彈需要大量的資金和技術(shù)支持，這是普通國(guó)家根本負(fù)擔(dān)不起的。

At present, only the United States, China, Russia, France and the United Kingdom have true ballistic missile nuclear submarines. As for India's much-hyped Arihant, they still have to find a way to use the K-15 with a "short leg" range of only 750 kilometers. Let's replace the missiles.

目前，只有美國(guó)、中國(guó)、俄羅斯、法國(guó)和英國(guó)擁有真正的彈道導(dǎo)彈核潛艇。至于印度大肆宣傳的殲敵者號(hào)，他們還是想辦法更換只有750公里的“短腿”K-15吧。

In addition to the above ballistic missile launch mechanisms, there is another ballistic missile launch method that once shocked the East and the West but is no longer used today - railway mobile launch. This launch mechanism relies on a specially designed ballistic missile launch train. This train looks almost the same as an ordinary train in appearance, but it integrates a ballistic missile erected launcher, command vehicle, communication vehicle and logistics maintenance vehicle inside. , generally one train can carry 3 intercontinental ballistic missiles.

除了上述彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射機(jī)制外，還有一種曾經(jīng)震驚東西方但如今已不再使用的彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射方式——鐵路機(jī)動(dòng)發(fā)射。這種發(fā)射機(jī)制依靠一種特殊設(shè)計(jì)的彈道導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射列車(chē)。該列車(chē)從外觀上看與普通列車(chē)沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別，但內(nèi)部集成了彈道導(dǎo)彈架設(shè)發(fā)射架、指揮車(chē)、通訊車(chē)、后勤維修車(chē)等。一般一列火車(chē)可以攜帶3枚洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈。

From a certain perspective, this is the most powerful way to launch land-based ballistic missiles - the missile launch vehicle can fly along the iron pole at a speed of 200 kilometers per hour. Spy satellites can hardly lock it in real time. If you want to intercept it on the ground, it will be more difficult. It's very difficult . Therefore, when the Soviet unx put it into active use, it shocked the entire Western world and even got the nickname "Hell Train", which shows its strong deterrent power.

從某種角度來(lái)看，這是發(fā)射陸基彈道導(dǎo)彈最有力的方式——導(dǎo)彈運(yùn)載火箭可以沿著鐵桿以每小時(shí)200公里的速度飛奔。間諜衛(wèi)星很難實(shí)時(shí)鎖定它。如果你想在地面上攔截更是非常困難。因此，蘇聯(lián)當(dāng)年將其投入使用時(shí)，震驚了整個(gè)西方世界，甚至獲得了“地獄列車(chē)”的綽號(hào)，可見(jiàn)其強(qiáng)大的威懾力量。

But while the way rail maneuvers allow for great flexibility, it's not perfect. First of all, this method is only suitable for countries with great strategic depth and developed railway networks, such as Russia, China, the United States, etc.

但是，盡管鐵路機(jī)動(dòng)的方式具有很大的靈活性，但它并不完美。首先，這種方法只適用于戰(zhàn)略縱深和鐵路網(wǎng)發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，如俄羅斯、中國(guó)、美國(guó)等。

In addition, this hell train travels between regions almost year-round, and its maintenance costs far exceed that of a road-mobile missile transport vehicle. Therefore, after the end of the Cold War, no country chose to put rail-mobile launched ballistic missiles back into active use.

此外，這種地獄列車(chē)幾乎全年在地區(qū)之間行駛，其維護(hù)費(fèi)用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)公路機(jī)動(dòng)導(dǎo)彈運(yùn)輸車(chē)。因此，冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家選擇重新使用鐵路機(jī)動(dòng)發(fā)射彈道導(dǎo)彈。
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It is worth mentioning that Russian strategic missile expert Vladimir Yevseyer publicly stated that Russia has actually secretly developed the next-generation "Barguzin" rail-mobile ballistic missile system. As long as the military deems it necessary, it will It will be put into active use within 3-5 years. This news is also widely regarded by the outside world as the resurrection of Hell Train and a signal to restart the nuclear arms race between the United States and Russia.

值得一提的是，俄羅斯戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)彈專(zhuān)家弗拉基米爾·耶夫西耶公開(kāi)表示，俄羅斯實(shí)際上已經(jīng)秘密研制了下一代“巴爾古津”鐵路機(jī)動(dòng)彈道導(dǎo)彈系統(tǒng)。只要軍方認(rèn)為有必要，它將在3-5年內(nèi)投入使用。這一消息也被外界普遍認(rèn)為是“地獄列車(chē)”復(fù)活，是美俄重啟核軍備競(jìng)賽的信號(hào)。

There are many ways to launch ballistic missiles, but each country has its own national conditions. It is most reliable to choose the most suitable launch mechanism based on the actual situation. For example, Russia, which combines mobile launches with underground facilities, sticks to underground launches. The United States, the United Kingdom and France, which have chosen sea-based launches, are among others.

彈道導(dǎo)彈的發(fā)射方式有很多，但每個(gè)國(guó)家都有自己的國(guó)情。根據(jù)實(shí)際情況選擇最合適的發(fā)射機(jī)構(gòu)是最可靠的。例如，將移動(dòng)發(fā)射與地下設(shè)施相結(jié)合的俄羅斯，堅(jiān)持地下發(fā)射的美國(guó)，選擇?；l(fā)射的英國(guó)和法國(guó)等等。
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Although these ballistic missiles are the core of nuclear deterrence, no one wants to see the day when these missiles are actually launched into the airspace of an enemy country. As Eisenhower said: "A nuclear weapon is most powerful when it is still on the missile launcher."

盡管這些彈道導(dǎo)彈是核威懾的核心，但沒(méi)有人希望看到這些導(dǎo)彈真正發(fā)射到敵國(guó)領(lǐng)空的那一天。正如艾森豪威爾所說(shuō):“當(dāng)核武器還在導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射裝置上時(shí)，它的威力才是最大的?！?br />