QA問答：在你看來，誰是歷史上最悲慘的人物？
In your opinion, who is the most tragic figure in history?
譯文簡介
網(wǎng)友：這個(gè)年輕人叫李斯。那時(shí)他只是中國戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期楚國上蔡縣的一個(gè)普通市民。他發(fā)誓不做茅廁里的老鼠，而是想進(jìn)入最好的糧倉，享受最好的食物。他辭去了工作，上山向大師學(xué)習(xí)法律和政治。幾年后，他的學(xué)業(yè)完成了。在中國的山頂上，他向大師告別。老人忍不住問他的學(xué)生有何打算。是要為祖國服務(wù)嗎？是要將其恢復(fù)到往日的輝煌嗎？是要給人民帶來幸福嗎？
正文翻譯
Jimmy
Witold Pilecki
維托爾德·皮萊茨基
Witold Pilecki
維托爾德·皮萊茨基
While maybe not THE most tragic, you'd be hard pressed to find a man as deserving of a happy ending and received anything but.
Pilecki was a cavalry officer in the Polish military, and would co-found the resistance organisation the Secret Polish Army, or TAP, after Poland's annexation in 1939. Eventually rumours of Auschwitz, the most infamous of the Nazi death camps, would reach the TAP.
也許不是最悲慘的人物之一，但你很難找到一個(gè)像他這樣值得擁有一個(gè)幸福結(jié)局，卻得到了完全相反待遇的人。皮萊茨基是波蘭軍隊(duì)的騎兵軍官，在波蘭于1939年被吞并后，他共同創(chuàng)立了抵抗組織——秘密波蘭軍，或稱TAP。最終，奧斯維辛集中營的恐怖消息傳到了秘密波蘭軍那里。
It was decided they needed to get an agent inside the camp, to uncover what was going on there. Pilecki volunteered. He allowed himself to be captured during a Gestapo sweep in 1940, and was sent to Auschwitz.
There he would set up a resistance movement of sorts, providing aid and care for the suffering inmates. He'd also write up reports detailing all the atrocities he'd seen.
He'd stay there, avoiding discovery and death, for TWO AND A HALF YEARS. Two and a half years in the home to the most systematic GENO.... in history. Pretty damn impressive.
He'd escape, and rejoin his comrades in the TAP. Notably participating in the Warsaw Uprising.
于是決定需要派遣一個(gè)特工深入集中營內(nèi)部，揭露那里正在發(fā)生的事情。皮萊茨基自愿前往，并在1940年在一次蓋世太保清洗中被捕，送往奧斯維辛。 在那里，他成立了一種抵抗運(yùn)動(dòng)，為受苦的囚犯提供援助和護(hù)理。他還寫下了詳細(xì)描述他所見過所有暴行的報(bào)告。 他在那里待了兩年半，避免被發(fā)現(xiàn)和死亡。兩年半的時(shí)間是歷史上最系統(tǒng)的種族滅絕之地。非常令人印象深刻。他逃脫了，并重新加入了TAP的同志們。值得注意的是，他還參加了華沙起義。
There he would set up a resistance movement of sorts, providing aid and care for the suffering inmates. He'd also write up reports detailing all the atrocities he'd seen.
He'd stay there, avoiding discovery and death, for TWO AND A HALF YEARS. Two and a half years in the home to the most systematic GENO.... in history. Pretty damn impressive.
He'd escape, and rejoin his comrades in the TAP. Notably participating in the Warsaw Uprising.
于是決定需要派遣一個(gè)特工深入集中營內(nèi)部，揭露那里正在發(fā)生的事情。皮萊茨基自愿前往，并在1940年在一次蓋世太保清洗中被捕，送往奧斯維辛。 在那里，他成立了一種抵抗運(yùn)動(dòng)，為受苦的囚犯提供援助和護(hù)理。他還寫下了詳細(xì)描述他所見過所有暴行的報(bào)告。 他在那里待了兩年半，避免被發(fā)現(xiàn)和死亡。兩年半的時(shí)間是歷史上最系統(tǒng)的種族滅絕之地。非常令人印象深刻。他逃脫了，并重新加入了TAP的同志們。值得注意的是，他還參加了華沙起義。
After the Soviet takeover of Poland, Pilecki remained loyal to the Polish Government-in-exile based in London. He believed his loyalty would result in his execution by the com...sts, and wrote up 'Pilecki’s Report'. This report would form the basis of the Allied understanding of the Holocaust, and if I remember correctly was referenced in the Nuremberg trials. Although I could definitely be wrong there.
在蘇聯(lián)接管波蘭之后，皮萊茨基仍然忠于駐倫敦的波蘭流亡政府。他相信自己的忠誠將會(huì)導(dǎo)致被共產(chǎn)主義者處決，因此寫出了“皮萊茨基報(bào)告”。這份報(bào)告成為盟軍理解大屠殺的基礎(chǔ)，并在紐倫堡審判中被引用。雖然我可能記錯(cuò)了。
在蘇聯(lián)接管波蘭之后，皮萊茨基仍然忠于駐倫敦的波蘭流亡政府。他相信自己的忠誠將會(huì)導(dǎo)致被共產(chǎn)主義者處決，因此寫出了“皮萊茨基報(bào)告”。這份報(bào)告成為盟軍理解大屠殺的基礎(chǔ)，并在紐倫堡審判中被引用。雖然我可能記錯(cuò)了。
He was arrested in 1947 by the Polish Ministry of Public Security for aiding “foreign imperialism”. He was subjected to torture and a show trial, resulting in his execution in 1948.
他在1947年被波蘭公共安全部門以援助“外國帝國主義”的罪名逮捕。他遭受酷刑和一次表演審判，最終在1948年被處決。
他在1947年被波蘭公共安全部門以援助“外國帝國主義”的罪名逮捕。他遭受酷刑和一次表演審判，最終在1948年被處決。
Witold Pilecki at his trial, looking like a total badass
Knowledge of Pilecki was suppressed by the com...st government until 1989, when his story began to be told.
Now there are streets, monuments and institutions in Poland named after him. He's included amongst the busts of great Poles in Jordan Park, alongside those such as Marie Curie. He was awarded the Order of the White Eagle in 2006, the highest Polish award. He was also post humously promoted to Colonel in 2013.
維托爾德 皮萊茨基在受審時(shí)看起來像個(gè)十足的壞蛋
皮萊茨基的消息被共產(chǎn)主義政府壓制直到1989年才開始傳播?，F(xiàn)在，波蘭有街道、紀(jì)念碑和機(jī)構(gòu)以他的名字命名。他與瑪麗·居里等人一起被列入喬丹公園偉大波蘭人的半身像中。2006年，他獲得了波蘭最高榮譽(yù)——白鷹勛章。2013年，他被追授上校軍銜。
Pilecki was one of the most heroic and courageous men in history, described by Poland's chief Rabbi as “of blessed memory", and was paid back for his courage with a bullet to the head.
Like I said before, maybe he wasn't the most tragic figure in history. But he still deserved a whole lot better then he got.
Rest in peace Pilecki, you will not be forgotten.
皮萊茨基是歷史上最英勇、最勇敢的人物之一，被波蘭首席拉比描述為“受祝福的記憶”，但他的勇氣卻用一顆子彈回報(bào)。就像我之前說過的，也許他不是歷史上最悲慘的人物之一。但他仍然應(yīng)該得到更好的待遇。 安息吧，皮萊茨基，你不會(huì)被遺忘。
Like I said before, maybe he wasn't the most tragic figure in history. But he still deserved a whole lot better then he got.
Rest in peace Pilecki, you will not be forgotten.
皮萊茨基是歷史上最英勇、最勇敢的人物之一，被波蘭首席拉比描述為“受祝福的記憶”，但他的勇氣卻用一顆子彈回報(bào)。就像我之前說過的，也許他不是歷史上最悲慘的人物之一。但他仍然應(yīng)該得到更好的待遇。 安息吧，皮萊茨基，你不會(huì)被遺忘。
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My father’s godfather, a close family friend when I was growing up, was one of the many Poles (and another former cavalry officer) who reluctantly chose exile rather than returning home to be executed or sent into the Gulag prison system.
Sadly, many Poles serving alongside the western Allies actually committed suicide when they heard their country had been freed from Nazi Germany only to be conquered by the USSR.
There have been so many heroes who met tragic ends or who were forced to live in exile, but Witold Pilecki has to be one of the greatest and most tragic.
我父親的教父，我在成長過程中的密切家庭朋友，是眾多波蘭人之一（另一個(gè)前騎兵軍官），他不情愿地選擇流亡，而不是回國被處決或被送進(jìn)古拉格監(jiān)獄系統(tǒng)。 可悲的是，許多在西方盟軍旁邊服役的波蘭人在聽說自己的國家從納粹德國解放后，卻被蘇聯(lián)征服時(shí)選擇自殺。 有這么多英雄遭遇悲劇結(jié)局，或被迫流亡，但維托爾德·皮萊茨基無疑是其中最偉大、最悲劇的人物之一。
Some of my Ukrainian relatives fled after the war, because being “l(fā)iberated” was not going to be an improvement. They were actually denied entry to the US because someone was sick, but Australia admitted them. How much the eastern front was a no-win situation for the countries between Germany and the USSR is something that gets buried very deep in American histories of the war.
我的一些烏克蘭親戚在戰(zhàn)后逃離了國家，因?yàn)椤敖夥拧辈⒉粫?huì)帶來改善。他們實(shí)際上被美國拒絕入境，因?yàn)橛腥松?，但澳大利亞接納了他們。關(guān)于東線戰(zhàn)場對于德國和蘇聯(lián)之間的國家來說是一個(gè)無法取勝的局面，在美國對戰(zhàn)爭的歷史中幾乎沒有被提及。
This guy truly was a hero. The word is being overused and inflated, but if we go back to the original meaning of the word, a person who truly did exceptional deeds at great personal risk to themselves, this guy meets all the criteria.
這個(gè)人真的是一位英雄。雖然“英雄”這個(gè)詞被濫用和夸大，但如果我們回到這個(gè)詞最原始的意義上，一個(gè)真正以巨大個(gè)人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為代價(jià)做出非凡事跡的人，他符合所有的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
See, this is one of the reasons I love Quora. I’ve read so much about different aspects of WW2, heard multiple first hand stories from survivors, watched countless movies and I have never been exposed to this HERO or the affect that USSR had on European countries not in their fold, during liberation. This is so important to be known, thanks so much for your answer!
看，這就是我喜歡Quora的原因之一。我讀了很多關(guān)于二戰(zhàn)不同方面的資料，聽過許多幸存者的第一手故事，觀看了無數(shù)電影，但我從未接觸過這位英雄或蘇聯(lián)在解放期間對歐洲非加盟國家的影響。這個(gè)認(rèn)識非常重要，非常感謝你的回答！
I’d say it was Empress Elisabeth “Sisi” of Austria
我想說這是奧地利伊麗莎白皇后“茜茜公主”
She was never meant to be queen and never wanted to be, her sister was meant to be but Emperor Franz Joseph, who was 23 at the time, saw the 15 year old Sisi and demanded to marry her or no one. So she was sent away to be married to a man she didn’t love who lived in a world unlike her own to the point where simple things like staircases would give her awful panic attacks. Her Aunt and Mother in law, Princess Sophie of Bavaria, proceeded to torment her for years afterwards, she took Sisi’s first daughter, and named and christened her without her input or knowledge and didn’t let her take care of any of her children.
她從未打算成為皇后，也從未想過要成為皇后，她的姐姐原本被選定為皇后，但當(dāng)時(shí)年僅23歲的弗朗茨·約瑟夫皇帝看見了15歲的茜茜，并堅(jiān)決要求娶她，否則就不娶別人。于是她被送到了遠(yuǎn)離自己世界的地方嫁給了一個(gè)她不愛的男人，甚至簡單的事情，比如樓梯，都會(huì)讓她產(chǎn)生可怕的恐慌。她的姑母和婆婆，巴伐利亞的索菲公主，在之后的幾年里折磨著她，她奪走了茜茜的第一個(gè)女兒，并在沒有征求她的意見或知情的情況下為她取名和施洗，也不讓她照顧任何一個(gè)孩子。
除此之外，宮廷里的每個(gè)人都因?yàn)樗€沒有生下男性繼承人而憎恨她。有一次，她甚至收到了一本譏諷她沒有生兒子而被認(rèn)為無用的小冊子。她還因?yàn)檎埱笳煞驅(qū)Υ獯罄托傺览某济駮r(shí)顯得過于干預(yù)政治而備受憎恨。她是唯一一位將匈牙利人當(dāng)作人類對待的皇室成員，甚至學(xué)習(xí)了匈牙利語，這讓她更加被奧地利貴族所憎恨。她本已不太好的精神健康因?yàn)榈谝粋€(gè)女兒死于傷寒而進(jìn)一步惡化，她陷入了深深的抑郁中，遠(yuǎn)離了所有人，包括她活著的女兒，這摧毀了她們之間的關(guān)系。
她開始關(guān)注自己的外貌，她的美麗也是她不幸生活的原因。她極度患有厭食癥和暴食癥，此外，她還穿著從法國進(jìn)口的束腰緊身胸衣，腰圍只有16英寸。她留著及踝長的頭發(fā)，每天需要花兩個(gè)小時(shí)來造型，這給她帶來可怕的頭痛。
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她寫詩表達(dá)自己的漫游情結(jié)，并對精神病患者的待遇有著特殊的關(guān)注，也許是因?yàn)樗约旱慕?jīng)歷。她最終生下一個(gè)兒子，但再次被剝奪了撫養(yǎng)他的權(quán)力，之后不久她感染了結(jié)核病，而她的丈夫開始了一段外遇。但這一次，她積極與丈夫和婆婆爭奪對兒子教育的控制權(quán)。
她生下了第四個(gè)孩子瑪麗，成功地使匈牙利獲得與奧地利平等的地位。茜茜終于有機(jī)會(huì)撫養(yǎng)她的第四個(gè)也是最后一個(gè)孩子，她婆婆索菲在宮廷和茜茜孩子們生活中的影響迅速消失，不久之后她去世。茜茜決定開始旅行，對騎馬運(yùn)動(dòng)和購物產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣。事情對她來說真的開始好轉(zhuǎn)了，直到她唯一的兒子魯?shù)婪蛉ナ溃赡苁且黄鹬\殺自殺案。在短短幾年內(nèi)，她不得不面對姐姐、父母、兒子和最親密的朋友的死亡。她余生只穿黑色。她繼續(xù)旅行作為逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)的方式。最終，她被原本計(jì)劃謀殺另一位皇室成員的無政府主義者謀殺。
我看到其他人提到弗朗茨·約瑟夫，她的丈夫，作為這個(gè)問題的答案，但他是唯一導(dǎo)致她不幸的人。如果他沒有堅(jiān)決要求娶她，她本可以在巴伐利亞幸福地度過一生，因?yàn)楫?dāng)初就是這樣計(jì)劃的。我對這個(gè)男人毫無同情之心，他娶了一個(gè)年幼的孩子，并將她注定過上悲慘而痛苦的生活。正是她的美麗給她的生活帶來了悲劇。
When I study this man, I don’t think him tragic simply because he was publicly bisected as punishment. He is tragic because I see in him many of our own flaws.
Many of us who just want better lives.
當(dāng)我研究這個(gè)人的時(shí)候，我并不認(rèn)為他之所以悲劇是因?yàn)樗还_腰斬作為懲罰。他之所以悲劇，是因?yàn)槲以谒砩峡吹搅宋覀冏约旱脑S多缺點(diǎn)。
我們中的許多人只是想過上更好的生活。
Just like a modern day millennial fed up at his dead-end job, the young man felt really hopeless. He was a lowly paid clerk in a small cramped office. It was located in a small town in an ancient state plagued by war and strife, two thousand years ago.
就像一個(gè)對自己一無所成的工作感到厭倦的現(xiàn)代千禧一代，這個(gè)年輕人感到非常絕望。他是一個(gè)低薪職員，在一個(gè)小小的擁擠辦公室里工作。那個(gè)辦公室位于中國兩千年前戰(zhàn)亂頻發(fā)的一個(gè)古老國家的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上。
他看到辦公室的茅廁里瘦弱的營養(yǎng)不良的老鼠正在享用人的排泄物。當(dāng)狗走過時(shí)，它們吱吱地叫著逃走。相比之下，皇家糧倉里的老鼠在最好的小麥和谷物上長得肥胖，即使有人試圖趕走它們也毫不在意。
The young man’s name was Li Si 李斯. At that time he was but an ordinary citizen of Shangcai county in the state of Chu in the Warring States era of China. He vowed not be a latrine rat, but instead wanted to be placed in the finest granaries with the best food to choose from. He quit his job, and went up the mountains to study law and politics from the Master.
這個(gè)年輕人叫李斯。那時(shí)他只是中國戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期楚國上蔡縣的一個(gè)普通市民。他發(fā)誓不做茅廁里的老鼠，而是想進(jìn)入最好的糧倉，享受最好的食物。他辭去了工作，上山向大師學(xué)習(xí)法律和政治。幾年后，他的學(xué)業(yè)完成了。在中國的山頂上，他向大師告別。老人忍不住問他的學(xué)生有何打算。是要為祖國服務(wù)嗎？是要將其恢復(fù)到往日的輝煌嗎？是要給人民帶來幸福嗎？
Li Si replied, “There is no humiliation or tragedy worse than poverty. Those who are poor but wax philosophically about their disdain of wealth are but the greatest fools.” (詬莫大于卑賤， 而悲莫甚于窮困。久處卑賤之位，困苦之地， 非世而惡利，自托于無為- 此非士之情也）
Saying that, he went down the slopes into the fog ahead.
李斯回答道：“沒有比貧窮更羞辱和悲慘的了。那些貧窮卻對財(cái)富嗤之以鼻的人只是最大的愚人?！薄盀榧亦l(xiāng)國家服務(wù)既不能帶來財(cái)富也不能帶來榮耀。我將去西方，為敵國秦王效力。我的才能在那里會(huì)得到更好的發(fā)揮。”說完，他走下山坡，消失在前方的霧中。
While Qin Shihuang unified China’s territory, Li Si united its people.
He created a whole new Chinese scxt, for each state had their own form of writing.
He created a new system of measurement.
他所服務(wù)的國王最終統(tǒng)一了中國，成為了中國的第一位皇帝，著名的秦始皇。李斯逐漸升至丞相的職位。
當(dāng)秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國領(lǐng)土?xí)r，李斯統(tǒng)一了中國人民。
他創(chuàng)造了全新的漢字，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)國家都有自己的文字形式。
他創(chuàng)立了新的度量衡系統(tǒng)。
But he was rich and influential beyond his dreams.
One day he held a splendid banquet that drew aristocrats from all around the country. Their intricately adorned carriages lined the alleys around his mansion, a grand sight admired by many.
在職業(yè)晉升的過程中，他出賣了一位曾經(jīng)的同學(xué)，導(dǎo)致其被處死。
但是他富有而有影響力，遠(yuǎn)超過了他的夢想。
有一天，他舉辦了一場盛大的宴會(huì)，吸引了全國各地的貴族。他們裝飾精美的馬車排列在府邸周圍的小巷里，給許多人留下了深刻的印象。
Li Si could have resigned at the peak of his power, but things took a darker turn.
在慶?；顒?dòng)中，李斯環(huán)顧四周，感嘆道：“我的師傅一直警告我不要過度奢華。看著我周圍的極致輝煌，似乎唯一的出路就是衰落。誰知道我會(huì)在哪里死！”李斯本可以在權(quán)力的巔峰辭職，但事情卻發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)折。
Yet, by then, Li Si was no longer a strong and sharp youngster, but old and weaker-willed. Zhao Gao had a honeyed tongue:
“ My Lord, Fu Su will have you replaced when he ascends the throne! You will not retire in peace”
當(dāng)秦始皇去世時(shí)，太監(jiān)趙高建議李斯偽造皇帝的詔書。這個(gè)陰謀是讓皇帝長子扶蘇被最年輕的胡亥取代。這是一個(gè)叛國的陰謀，而阻止這件事發(fā)生的一切都在李斯的手中。
然而，那時(shí)的李斯已不再是一個(gè)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)和銳利的年輕人，而是一個(gè)老去和意志薄弱的人。趙高口若懸河地說道：
“丞相，扶蘇登基后會(huì)將您撤職！您將無法安享晚年?！?/b>
After a long period of deliberation, Li Si lamented, “Sigh! I had no choice but to be born in a turbulent world!” So be it, he said, he went ahead with the forgery.
Fu Su was ordered to commit suicide, and along with him his allies. Hu Hai was appointed as successor.
“丞相，不要對‘道德’如此死板。最明智的圣人知道如何靈活應(yīng)變，與時(shí)俱進(jìn)?！?br /> 經(jīng)過長時(shí)間的思考，李斯嘆息道：“唉！我生在一個(gè)動(dòng)蕩的世界中毫無選擇！”他說，他決定繼續(xù)偽造詔書。
扶蘇被命令自殺，與他的盟友一同。胡亥被任命為繼任者。
新皇帝是個(gè)揮霍無度的人。他修建大型宮殿，整天沉湎于狂歡。人民被重稅壓迫，嚴(yán)厲的懲罰廣泛實(shí)施。擔(dān)心被揭露，胡亥殘忍地處決了剩下的兄弟姐妹及其家人。
李斯本人也因試圖說服皇帝改過自新而逐漸被胡亥疏遠(yuǎn)。為了自己的安全起見，李斯感到別無選擇，只能踐踏自己的尊嚴(yán)。然后，他寫了一封長篇的信，鼓勵(lì)胡亥享受生活，向人民征稅，并實(shí)施殘酷的懲罰。胡亥看了這封信，笑個(gè)不停。
The former Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty was sentenced to be cut in half in front of a gawking public audience. So too were all his family members.
Before their execution, Li Si turned to his son and lamented that he’d give anything to be hunting wild rabbits back in their hometown. Having said that, father and son hugged each other and wept, but it was too late.
然而一切都沒有用了。那時(shí)，李斯只是趙高手中的一個(gè)棋子，趙高不斷在他和胡亥之間播下不和諧的種子。后來，胡亥和趙高密謀以虛假指控處決李斯和他的家族。當(dāng)然，在牢房里經(jīng)歷了一段時(shí)間的折磨后。
秦朝的前丞相被判在公眾面前被腰斬。他的家人也是如此。
盡管他擁有所有的財(cái)富和權(quán)力，但他再也買不到那些無憂無慮的青年時(shí)代了。
與此同時(shí)，由于人們對苛刻的法律和沉重的稅收感到厭倦，中國各地爆發(fā)了一系列叛亂。最終導(dǎo)致了秦帝國的滅亡，而李斯曾費(fèi)盡心力幫助建立該帝國。雖然許多人可能將偽造詔書視為轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，但我認(rèn)為這一切都是注定的。李斯從一開始就不是一個(gè)正直的人，他注定道德上的失敗。