QA問答：筷子發(fā)明之前中國人用什么東西來吃飯？
What did the Han Chinese use before chopsticks?
譯文簡介
網(wǎng)友：筷子是經(jīng)過進化的餐具。中國古代遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)距今7000年的餐具（刀叉）
一個以筷子作為餐具的文明，一定建立在高度發(fā)達的古代文明之上......
正文翻譯
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Chopsticks are an evolved tableware
Tableware found in ancient Chinese ruins dating back 7,000 years
For a civilization to use chopsticks as tableware, it must be built on a highly developed ancient civilization.
Let's imagine how humans ate food tens of thousands of years ago
Initially, people obtained meat by hunting or fishing
In the most primitive state, people ate meat directly, which was no different from animals
After humans mastered fire, they could get cooked food by roasting food
If they wanted to process and eat meat more conveniently, humans must have knives so that they could cut food into pieces. Early knives were made of stone and bone, and later knives made of metal appeared.
Therefore, the most primitive tableware of humans must be some kind of knife
In addition to meat, humans can also eat grains and vegetables
After people invented pottery, "boiling" became the second cooking method.
With liquid mixed in the food, the knife can no longer meet the requirements. In addition to holding the entire pottery and pouring it into the mouth, people must need a second kind of tableware to put the food with liquid into the mouth.
Therefore, the second kind of tableware used by humans must be some kind of spoon
A set of spoons from the Shang Dynasty, 3,500 years ago
The formation of the fork must be later than the knife and spoon, because it is not a necessity. The early role of the fork could be replaced by a branch or another knife, or they simply grabbed the food with their hands and cut it.
Therefore, the appearance of the fork must be later than the knife and spoon.
As for chopsticks. It appeared much later than the previous three tableware. The appearance of chopsticks represents that civilization has developed to a considerable height.
Imagine:
Can you cut a piece of meat from a whole leg of lamb with chopsticks and put it in your mouth? No
Can you use chopsticks to put fish soup and boiled beans into your mouth? No
If the food is not carefully pre-processed, chopsticks are useless.
A pair of bronze chopsticks from the Zhou Dynasty, 3,000 years ago
In fact, any food must be carefully processed, such as cut into suitable blocks, strips, slices, and their size just fits the human mouth, so that chopsticks can play a role.
People have sophisticated knives that can cut materials into a more delicate state
People have more condiments and spices, and find that smaller cut ingredients are more suitable for mixing with condiments.
There is a class differentiation in society, and some nobles enjoy special people preparing food for them.
A stone carving from the Han Dynasty in the 1st century AD shows a nobleman using chopsticks
This means that "cooking" has been divided among human skills, and this civilization has people who specialize in making food: chefs.
Chefs pre-process, divide and process all ingredients. It is no longer necessary for people who eat to process them at the table. This is the result of the development of civilization and the result of social division of labor.
In fact, the Chinese used chopsticks quite late. According to archaeologists, the Chinese did not fully popularize chopsticks until at least the early Tang Empire. Before that, only nobles and the upper class had the opportunity to use chopsticks, while ordinary people basically used knives, forks, spoons, bamboo pieces, and their own hands.
Therefore, chopsticks became the daily tableware of the Chinese only 1,500 years ago. China has a clear history of more than 4,000 years.
筷子是經(jīng)過進化的餐具
Chopsticks are an evolved tableware
Tableware found in ancient Chinese ruins dating back 7,000 years
For a civilization to use chopsticks as tableware, it must be built on a highly developed ancient civilization.
Let's imagine how humans ate food tens of thousands of years ago
Initially, people obtained meat by hunting or fishing
In the most primitive state, people ate meat directly, which was no different from animals
After humans mastered fire, they could get cooked food by roasting food
If they wanted to process and eat meat more conveniently, humans must have knives so that they could cut food into pieces. Early knives were made of stone and bone, and later knives made of metal appeared.
Therefore, the most primitive tableware of humans must be some kind of knife
In addition to meat, humans can also eat grains and vegetables
After people invented pottery, "boiling" became the second cooking method.
With liquid mixed in the food, the knife can no longer meet the requirements. In addition to holding the entire pottery and pouring it into the mouth, people must need a second kind of tableware to put the food with liquid into the mouth.
Therefore, the second kind of tableware used by humans must be some kind of spoon
A set of spoons from the Shang Dynasty, 3,500 years ago
The formation of the fork must be later than the knife and spoon, because it is not a necessity. The early role of the fork could be replaced by a branch or another knife, or they simply grabbed the food with their hands and cut it.
Therefore, the appearance of the fork must be later than the knife and spoon.
As for chopsticks. It appeared much later than the previous three tableware. The appearance of chopsticks represents that civilization has developed to a considerable height.
Imagine:
Can you cut a piece of meat from a whole leg of lamb with chopsticks and put it in your mouth? No
Can you use chopsticks to put fish soup and boiled beans into your mouth? No
If the food is not carefully pre-processed, chopsticks are useless.
A pair of bronze chopsticks from the Zhou Dynasty, 3,000 years ago
In fact, any food must be carefully processed, such as cut into suitable blocks, strips, slices, and their size just fits the human mouth, so that chopsticks can play a role.
People have sophisticated knives that can cut materials into a more delicate state
People have more condiments and spices, and find that smaller cut ingredients are more suitable for mixing with condiments.
There is a class differentiation in society, and some nobles enjoy special people preparing food for them.
A stone carving from the Han Dynasty in the 1st century AD shows a nobleman using chopsticks
This means that "cooking" has been divided among human skills, and this civilization has people who specialize in making food: chefs.
Chefs pre-process, divide and process all ingredients. It is no longer necessary for people who eat to process them at the table. This is the result of the development of civilization and the result of social division of labor.
In fact, the Chinese used chopsticks quite late. According to archaeologists, the Chinese did not fully popularize chopsticks until at least the early Tang Empire. Before that, only nobles and the upper class had the opportunity to use chopsticks, while ordinary people basically used knives, forks, spoons, bamboo pieces, and their own hands.
Therefore, chopsticks became the daily tableware of the Chinese only 1,500 years ago. China has a clear history of more than 4,000 years.
筷子是經(jīng)過進化的餐具
中國古代遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)距今7000年的餐具（刀叉）
一個以筷子作為餐具的文明，一定建立在高度發(fā)達的古代文明之上。
我們想象一下幾萬年前人類是如何吃飯的
最初，人們通過狩獵或捕魚獲取肉食
在最原始的狀態(tài)下，人們直接吃肉，和動物沒什么區(qū)別
人類掌握了火之后，就可以通過燒烤來獲得熟食
人類要想更方便地加工和食用肉類，就必須有刀，以便將食物切成小塊。早期的刀是用石頭和骨頭制成的，后來出現(xiàn)了金屬制成的刀。因此，人類最原始的餐具一定是某種刀具
除了肉類，人類還可以吃谷物和蔬菜
人類發(fā)明陶器之后，“煮”成為第二種烹飪方法。
當食物中混入液體時，刀子已經(jīng)不能滿足要求，人們除了能將整個陶器捧入口中喝之外，還必須需要第二種餐具才能將混入液體的食物送入口中。
因此，人類使用的第二種餐具一定是某種勺子
這是一套來自商朝的勺子，距今3500年前
叉子的形成一定晚于刀和勺，因為它不是必需品。叉子的早期作用可能是被樹枝或另一把刀子取代，或者他們只是用手抓起食物然后切開。
因此，叉子的出現(xiàn)一定晚于刀和勺。
至于筷子，它的出現(xiàn)比前三種餐具晚得多?？曜拥某霈F(xiàn)代表著文明已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了相當?shù)母叨取?br /> 想象下：
你能用筷子從一整只羊腿上切下一塊肉放進嘴里嗎？不能
你能用筷子把魚湯和煮豆子往嘴里送嗎？不能
如果食物沒有經(jīng)過仔細的預處理，筷子就是無用的。
實際上，任何食物都要經(jīng)過精心的加工，比如切成合適的塊、條、片，其大小剛好適合人的嘴巴，這樣筷子才能發(fā)揮作用。
意味著人們擁有先進的刀具，可以將材料切割成更精細的狀態(tài)
意味著人們的調(diào)味品和香辛料越來越多，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)切塊較小的食材更適合與調(diào)味品混合。
意味著人們存在階級分化，一些貴族喜歡有專門的人為他們做飯。
公元1世紀漢代的石刻作品描繪了一位貴族使用筷子
這意味著“烹飪”已經(jīng)在人類的技能中被劃分出來，并且這個文明擁有專門制作食物的人：廚師。
廚師把所有食材預先加工、分割、處理，吃飯的人不再需要在餐桌上加工，這是文明發(fā)展的結(jié)果，也是社會分工的結(jié)果。
其實中國人使用筷子的時間相當晚，據(jù)考古學家考證，中國人至少在唐朝初期才真正普及筷子，而在此之前，只有貴族和上層階級才有機會使用筷子，普通百姓基本都是用刀叉勺、竹片，和自己的手。
因此筷子成為中國人日常餐具的時間只有1500多年，而中國有明確的4000多年的歷史。
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The cultured man/woman is able to eat food from all culture with the appropriate implement, hand, fork or chopsticks and appreciate it.
有文化的男人/女人能夠用適當?shù)钠骶?、手、叉子或筷子享用來自所有文化的食物并欣賞它。
Good explanatiin! Though i always wonder why Indians still prefer to use their hands to eat food even when spoons and forks are available in the restaurant.
很好的解釋！不過我一直想知道為什么印度人仍然喜歡用手吃飯，即使餐廳里有勺子和叉子。
Because the experience of eating chilli is not complete until you’ve rubbed it into your eyes.
因為如果你沒有把辣椒揉進眼睛里，吃辣椒的體驗就不算完整。
My Indian friend in Malaysia explained to me that eating food with knives, spoons, forks and chopsticks, is like making love with your wife/girlfriend through a middleman.
我馬來西亞的印度朋友跟我解釋，用刀、勺、叉、筷子吃飯，就像是通過中間人跟你的老婆/女朋友做愛一樣
I dunno, seems more like wiping your ass without toilet paper…oh wait…
我不知道，這更像是不用衛(wèi)生紙擦屁股……哦等等……
no offence fun fact for you arab traveller sulaiman al tajir who travelled china during tang empire era and india during gurjara pratihara empire reign who controlled most of north india he see wiping ass by paper was dirty here is few extract of them Sulaiman al-Tajir
無意冒犯，給你講一個有趣的事實，阿拉伯旅行家蘇萊曼·塔吉爾，他游歷過唐朝時期的中國和古吉拉特邦普拉蒂哈拉帝國時期的印度，他控制了北印度的大部分地區(qū)，他看到用紙擦屁股覺得很臟
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Yes, I recalled reading that. What is slowly trending now is a move away from toilet paper. I am noticing the use of water closet with water jets which clean you after you’re done with your business.
是的，我記得讀過這篇文章。現(xiàn)在慢慢流行的是不再使用衛(wèi)生紙。我注意到人們使用帶有噴水裝置的抽水馬桶，方便后可以幫你沖洗。
yes i also think both using hand with water and just using toilet paper both are now look primitive
是的，我也認為用手拿水和直接用衛(wèi)生紙看起來都很原始
I think it seems a good way to use paper followed by water. It's cleaner this way.
我認為先用紙再用水是個好辦法。這樣比較干凈。
Using the paper after the water, especially from a electric bidet is just to dry off the water. I have been using the electric bidet for a long time now (over a decade) in my home and a good bidet will wash you very clean.
洗完水后用紙巾擦干，尤其是電動馬桶的水。我在家里使用電動馬桶已經(jīng)很長時間了（超過十年），好的電動馬桶可以把你洗得很干凈。
Electric Bidet, modernized by the Japanese. I love them, I installed them on all my toilets in my house, my use of toilet paper is almost zero since then.
電動馬桶，日本人發(fā)明的。我很喜歡，我家所有馬桶都裝了，從那以后我?guī)缀醪挥脦埩恕?/b>
Yea, people back then were nasty. That doesn’t make wiping your ass with your bare hand in modern times not disgusting.
是的，那時候的人很惡心。但這并不意味著在現(xiàn)代用手擦屁股就不惡心了。
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Some claim food tastes better by using hand to eat. I eat using my hand but it didn't make any difference. Bad food is a bad food irrespective of use of hand or spoon. It's not like our hand could act like Ajinomoto.
有人說用手吃食物味道更好。我用手吃，但沒什么區(qū)別。不管用手還是勺子，壞食物就是壞食物。我們的手不可能有味精那樣的效果。
It does add some used socks salted fish aroma if one didn't soap clean their fingers thoroughly especially after some dirty business. I've read many news of Indian curry pot caught having old socks as special ingredient. Seriously. Not some tabloid. Real news on national media with real enforcement officers.
如果一個人沒有用肥皂徹底清洗手指，尤其是在做了一些骯臟的事情之后，它確實會增加一些舊襪子咸魚的味道。我讀過很多關(guān)于印度咖喱鍋被發(fā)現(xiàn)有舊襪子作為特殊配料的新聞。說真的。不是小報。國家媒體上的真實新聞，有真正的執(zhí)法人員。
Multitude of reasons, I can think of.
Indian cuisine is mind-bogglingly vaaast and has been predominantly vegetarian. You don't need knives and forks for that.
I would guess that 98% of all our food items cannot be eaten using knives and forks (or don't require them at all). Even in case of non-vegetarian food, we didn't have items like the steak which required knives etc.
You see a lot of curry-based Indian dishes and that's what most people associate Indian food with. Fact is that curry is a newbie in the whole culinary history of India. Curries required spoons, for some, but most were skillful enough to use their hands to have it with flat bread or grains.
Most importantly though, in Indian tradition food has always been associated with the well-being of mind (not to discount the energy requirements of the body). It is believed that you imbibe in yourself what you consume and how you consume it. Consuming food is not just an exercise to refill the calories, rather it is a sensory experience involving touch, sight, smell and taste (and sometimes, sound). The whole experience involving all these senses elevates the satisfaction, leading to better absorption of nutrients in the body. Indian tradition promoted having a bath before having your food, sitting on floor while having your food, serving it on clean leaves and eating it with your hands, thus maximizing the connection with the elements.
Now, coming to the question of still using hands in restaurants - well, most of us use spoons and forks etc but there are certain things which require bare hands only e.g. our varieties of flat breads to scoop the curry or a bite of the vegetable/meat, or if you are having a masala dosa and so on & so forth. Why, even having a pizza with your hands is a totally different experience as compared to using the fork & knife, don't you agree? Using your hands adds a different dimension to the experience and that I believe is the single biggest reason. That's how nature intended it to be but, of course, we have evolved.
我能想到很多原因。
印度菜種類繁多，以素食為主。用餐時無需刀叉。
我猜我們98%的食物都不能用刀叉吃（或者根本不需要用刀叉）。即使是非素食，我們也沒有像牛排這樣需要用刀的食物。
你會看到很多以咖喱為基礎(chǔ)的印度菜，這也是大多數(shù)人將印度菜與咖喱聯(lián)系起來的原因。事實上，咖喱在整個印度烹飪史上都是一個新手。有些人吃咖喱需要用勺子，但大多數(shù)人都熟練地用手將咖喱與餅子或谷物一起食用。
但最重要的是，在印度傳統(tǒng)中，食物一直與心靈健康有關(guān)（不忽視身體的能量需求）。人們相信，你吃什么以及如何吃，都會影響到你自己。進食不僅僅是補充卡路里的運動，而是一種涉及觸覺、視覺、嗅覺和味覺（有時還有聽覺）的感官體驗。涉及所有這些感官的整個體驗提升了滿足感，從而導致身體更好地吸收營養(yǎng)。印度傳統(tǒng)提倡在吃飯前洗澡，坐在地板上吃飯，將食物盛在干凈的葉子上，用手吃，從而最大限度地與自然元素建立聯(lián)系。
現(xiàn)在，談到在餐廳里是否仍需用手的問題——好吧，我們大多數(shù)人使用勺子和叉子等，但有些事情只需要赤手空拳，例如，我們用各種餅子舀咖喱或一口蔬菜/肉類，或者如果你正在吃馬薩拉多薩餅等等。為什么，甚至用手吃披薩與用叉子和刀子相比也是完全不同的體驗，你不同意嗎？用手為體驗增添了不同的維度，我認為這是最大的原因。這是大自然的本意，但當然，我們已經(jīng)進化了。
Because that “class differentiation in society” was even more entrenched and intensive, in the form of the caste system- so much so, that the highest ‘Brahmin’ caste of Hindus refused to be served by, or have food cooked for them by, or use any utensils that were used by, lower-caste ‘Dalits’ at all.
Such that, by the pre-colonial era, in most Hindu-ruled states, rather than using ‘developed cutlery’ like chopsticks which necessitated that all their food be carefully pre-processed (thus diminishing the variety of cuisine accessible to themselves, relative to the ‘commonfolk’- unthinkable!), they simply ordained that no-one beneath a certain rung on the caste ladder should be permitted to use (or even some cases, even craft) cutlery themselves for use at the dinner-table.
By doing so, they made the usage of culinary utensils themselves (when eating, at any rate) so synonymous with elitism, racial and caste supremacy, and social inequalities in general. So much so that during the colonial era, practically all movements, religious and political, which ever espoused egalitarianism in India (before the end of the British Raj, at any rate) also espoused the abandonment of culinary utensils (the production of which in India was also banned under the British, so as to have a fully secured captive market for their stainless steel cutlery exports).
If you are Chinese, then just imagine if the Qing and Kuomintang had passed laws forbidding ‘common Han’ Chinese people from using chopsticks at all (rather than merely passing laws prohibiting the use of metal chopsticks for anyone bar members of the Qing Imperial nobility, and silver chopsticks by anyone bar the Emperor). Chinese people developed their cultural aversion to using metal chopsticks (whereas Koreans and Japanese don’t care, and Taiwanese culture still extols them as superior), whilst Indian people developed their cultural aversion to using table cutlery utensils, pretty much at the same time, for pretty much exactly the same reason.
因為這種“社會階級分化”以種姓制度的形式表現(xiàn)得更加根深蒂固和深入，以至于印度教徒中最高種姓“婆羅門”拒絕接受低種姓“達利特人”的服務(wù)，拒絕讓他們?yōu)樗麄冏鲲?，或使用他們使用的任何餐具?br /> 因此，在前殖民時代，在大多數(shù)印度教統(tǒng)治的國家，他們不是使用筷子之類的“先進餐具”，因為這需要對所有食物進行仔細的預加工（因此相對于“普通人”而言，他們所能獲得的菜肴種類就減少了，這是不可想象的?。呛唵蔚匾?guī)定，種姓階梯上某一等級以下的人都不允許使用（甚至在某些情況下，甚至不允許自己制作）餐具在餐桌上使用。
通過這種方式，他們讓烹飪用具的使用本身（至少在吃飯時）成為精英主義、種族和種姓至上主義以及普遍的社會不平等的代名詞。以至于在殖民時代，幾乎所有在印度宣揚平等主義的宗教和政治運動（至少在英國統(tǒng)治結(jié)束之前）也都宣揚放棄傳統(tǒng)烹飪用具（英國統(tǒng)治時期，印度也被禁止生產(chǎn)傳統(tǒng)烹飪用具，以便為其不銹鋼餐具出口建立一個完全安全的壟斷市場）。
如果你是中國人，那么想象一下，如果清朝和國民黨通過法律，禁止“普通漢族”中國人使用筷子（而不是僅僅通過法律，禁止除清朝皇室貴族外的任何人使用金屬筷子，禁止除皇帝外的任何人使用銀筷子）。中國人對使用金屬筷子產(chǎn)生了文化厭惡（而韓國人和日本人并不在意，臺灣地區(qū)文化仍然推崇金屬筷子為上乘之物），而印度人對使用餐桌餐具產(chǎn)生了文化厭惡，幾乎是同時發(fā)生的，原因也幾乎完全相同。
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The aversion to metal chopsticks is mostly because they are much heavier and much more expensive than wood and bamboo ones. I’m mostly Chinese, the high end chopstick was made with ivory (which has been banned for a long time), I still have my pair (with pure gold decoration on top) that was made for me with my name etched onto it, it’s slightly heavier to wooden ones but I supposed its much more durable as I’ve been using them daily for 35+ years now ever since I could use them (they are adult size). They are a family tradition at my home from my mother side.
不喜歡金屬筷子主要是因為它們比木筷子和竹筷子重得多，也貴得多。我主要是華人血統(tǒng)，高端筷子是用象牙制成的（象牙早已被禁止），我仍然有一對（頂部有純金裝飾），是專門為我制作的，上面刻著我的名字，它比木筷子稍重，但我想它更耐用，因為自從我能使用它們以來，我已經(jīng)每天使用它們35年多了（它們是成人尺寸）。這是我媽媽那邊的家庭傳統(tǒng)。
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And the aversion to cutlery in general for many foods in India’s mostly because they’re much heavier and much more expensive than simply using one’s hands, and/or using a piece of flatbread to eat the food with.
印度人普遍不喜歡用餐具吃大部分食物，主要是因為餐具比直接用手或用一片扁面包吃食物要重得多，也貴得多。
as indonesian Chinese, we uses hand sometime as we like to smell our fingers after a good meal :)
作為印尼華人，我們有時會用手，因為我們喜歡在飽餐一頓后聞一下手指:)
There are food items for which specific tools are better.
Soups cannot be eaten with hand, but if you have a bowl, you can just lift your cup and drink from it.
Noodles, especially super hot, are easier with a fork. Maybe even chopstick.
But outside these specific cases, there is not one tool as versatile, flexible and deft as your fingers. If the item can be consumed by hand, and your hands are washed, it makes no sense to use an inferior tool.
Indians eat bread, rice, curry with their hand. They use fork for noodles, spoons for hot soup, knife for bread.
有些食物更適合用專用工具來處理。
湯不能用手吃，但如果你有一個碗，你可以直接端起碗喝。
面條，尤其是非常辣的面條，用叉子吃會更方便。甚至用筷子吃也行。
但除了這些特殊情況之外，沒有一種工具能像你的手指一樣靈活多變、靈巧。如果物品可以用手食用，而且你的手是洗過的，那么使用劣質(zhì)工具就毫無意義了。
印度人用手吃面包、米飯、咖喱。他們用叉子吃面條，用勺子吃熱湯，用刀吃面包。
its called culture
這就是所謂的文化
They don't have the refined ways of cooking like hotpot.
主要是他們沒有像火鍋那樣精致的烹飪方式。
Food type require either spoon, knofe, fork, chopstick or hand to eat. Most Indian food is hand eaten because it is practical.
食物類型需要用勺子、刀子、叉子、筷子或手來吃。大多數(shù)印度食物都是用手吃的，因為這樣比較方便。
Mahatir, Msia’s former prime minister dislike the Chinese for still using chopsticks to eat , saying they have not assimilated into Malay culture of eating with their hands which every likely to be copied fr Indian culture
馬來西亞前總理馬哈蒂爾不喜歡華人仍然使用筷子吃飯，稱他們沒有融入馬來人用手吃飯的文化，而這種文化很可能會從印度文化中復制而來。
This just makes chop stick seem even more useless and ridiculous.
這只會讓筷子看起來更加無用且可笑。
Evet, bu anlaml? yaz? arac?l???yla ?in medeniyetinin en eski medeniyetlerden biri oldu?unu kabul ediyorum ve gereksiz ?vünmeye izin vermeyece?im.
是的，通過這篇有意義的文章，我承認中華文明是最古老的文明之一，我不會允許不必要的吹噓。
Another response filled with racism, although the OP is trying hard to conceal their intentions. However, it is quite obvious that they are being sarcastic about the civilizations around the world not being as advanced as China's. This is because they abandoned the habits of eating with knives, forks, and hands 1500 years ago.
又是一個種族主義的回答，雖然答主在竭力隱藏自己的企圖。但是很明顯，他是在諷刺全世界的文明都不如中國先進。因為他們在1500年前就拋棄了用刀叉和手吃飯的習慣