英國(guó)和美國(guó)的關(guān)系有多好?（下）

Andreas Rankine
What is the "special relationship" between the United States and the United Kingdom?
I always assumed the ‘Special Relationship’ was an incredibly cringeworthy imaginary concept that British newspapers and politicians liked to refer to. My toes curl every time I hear the phrase. I think there probably is a very two-way intelligence-sharing arrangement, plus a military relationship via NATO and an unspoken rule to back each other up in public arenas (although that didn’t happen with Reagan over the Falklands conflict, so who knows). And the US exclusively supply the UK with a missile launch and delivery system for the UK’s nuclear warheads. Economically they are each other’s largest investors, and around a million people work for UK companies in the US, and more than one million people work for US companies in the UK. But I think the only country that could truly be regarded as having a legitimate ‘special relationship’ with the US is Israel.

美國(guó)和英國(guó)之間的“特殊關(guān)系”是什么回事？
我一直以為“特殊關(guān)系”是英國(guó)報(bào)紙和政客們喜歡提及的一個(gè)令人難以置信的令人尷尬的虛構(gòu)概念。每次聽(tīng)到這個(gè)說(shuō)法，我都感到不舒服。我認(rèn)為，兩國(guó)之間確實(shí)存在彼此情報(bào)共享機(jī)制，以及通過(guò)北約建立的軍事聯(lián)系，還有一個(gè)在公共場(chǎng)合互相支持的默契（盡管在?？颂m群島沖突期間，這一點(diǎn)并沒(méi)有得到體現(xiàn)，所以具體情況也未可知）。美國(guó)還專(zhuān)門(mén)向英國(guó)提供用于英國(guó)核彈頭的導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射和運(yùn)載系統(tǒng)。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上，它們互為最大的投資方，約有一百萬(wàn)人在英國(guó)的美資公司工作。但我認(rèn)為，唯一真正可以被視為與美國(guó)有合法‘特殊關(guān)系’的國(guó)家是以色列。

Ernest W. Adams
Do you think that the ‘special relationship’ still exists between the US and Britain?
Yes, because the Special Relationship is about geopolitical policy and intelligence-sharing. Our intelligence agencies still do this. However, it's not strong at present because the British government knows that Trump is in the pocket of the Russians. It's probably very careful about what it shares these days.
The United States Navy and the Royal Navy are partners in a number of important ongoing missions, especially keeping the Straits of Hormuz open. That's part of the Special Relationship too.

你認(rèn)為美國(guó)和英國(guó)之間仍然存在‘特殊關(guān)系’嗎？
是的，因?yàn)樘厥怅P(guān)系涉及地緣政治和情報(bào)共享。我們的情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)仍然在進(jìn)行這些活動(dòng)。然而，目前這種關(guān)系并不十分牢固，因?yàn)橛?guó)政府意識(shí)到特朗普受到了俄羅斯的影響。如今，英國(guó)在共享信息時(shí)可能非常謹(jǐn)慎。
美國(guó)海軍和英國(guó)皇家海軍在許多重要任務(wù)中是合作伙伴，尤其是確?；魻柲酒澓{（在伊朗和阿拉伯半島之間）的暢通，這也是“特殊關(guān)系”的一部分。

on Diplomacy & Warfare ·
How close is the relationship between the US and the UK?
It isn’t. Thank Senile Joe for that. From removing the bust of Churchill from the Oval Office to his ridiculous support of an incompetent German “politician” to head NATO, via his rejection of a UK/US trade deal, he has done his damnest to destroy our relationship.
Fifty years of idiocy in government, and in spite of his English ancestry he loathes the UK. The plastic paddy is a world-wide laughing stock, bringing the USA down with him.
His understanding of international relations, or indeed anything, would disgrace a five year old child (whom increasingly he resembles) . The sooner he is gone the better for the whole world, and the UK’s relationship with the US.

美國(guó)和英國(guó)之間的關(guān)系有多緊密？
并不緊密。這要感謝喬·拜登，從他移除白宮橢圓形辦公室的丘吉爾半身像，到他荒謬地支持一個(gè)無(wú)能的德國(guó)人擔(dān)任北約領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，再到他拒絕英美貿(mào)易協(xié)議，他竭盡全力破壞了我們的關(guān)系。
盡管他有英國(guó)血統(tǒng)，但他討厭英國(guó)，在政府里干了五十年的蠢事。這個(gè)虛偽的愛(ài)爾蘭人已成為全世界的笑柄，拖累了美國(guó)。
他對(duì)國(guó)際關(guān)系的理解，或者說(shuō)對(duì)任何事情的理解，都不如一個(gè)五歲小孩，而他越來(lái)越像那個(gè)五歲小孩。他越早下臺(tái)，對(duì)整個(gè)世界，以及英國(guó)與美國(guó)的關(guān)系就越有利。

Jools Imrie
How close is the relationship between the US and the UK?
Well it WAS fairly good, but then we got a load of idiot questions on Quora (allegedly from Americans) and things have been going downhill since…

美國(guó)和英國(guó)的關(guān)系有多密切?
好吧，這是相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的，但后來(lái)我們?cè)赒uora上收到了一大堆愚蠢的問(wèn)題(據(jù)稱(chēng)來(lái)自美國(guó)人)，從那以后，情況就每況愈下

Tanya-Dawn Hughes
How special is the USA and UK’s special relationship?
The US is our most important ally, a great democracy, a great country and right now the most powerful economic and military power in the world. But don’t be misled, the much vaunted ‘Special Relationship’ with the UK is one-sided, always favouring the US and characterised right from day one by their suspicion, duplicity and on more than one occasion outright hostility towards the UK.
I am NOT decrying the valour, courage and sacrifice of thousands of US troops who stood shoulder to shoulder with Britain and its allies in Europe during WWW1 & WW2. But let us not forget that the UK and Commonwealth also sent 2.5 Million troops to the far east and later 100,000 troops to Korea, tens of thousands of whom never came home. And terribly, repeated these adventures more recently in Iraq and Afghanistan.

美國(guó)和英國(guó)之間的特殊關(guān)系究竟有多特殊？
美國(guó)是我們最重要的盟友，是一個(gè)偉大的民主國(guó)家，是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家，目前也是世界上經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事上最強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家。但不要被誤導(dǎo)，與英國(guó)的所謂“特殊關(guān)系”實(shí)際上是一邊倒的，始終傾向于美國(guó)，從一開(kāi)始就是充滿(mǎn)猜疑、兩面派，并且不止一次地對(duì)英國(guó)表現(xiàn)出明顯的敵意。
我并不是貶低在一戰(zhàn)和二戰(zhàn)期間與英國(guó)及其歐洲盟友并肩作戰(zhàn)的成千上萬(wàn)美軍士兵的勇敢、勇氣和犧牲精神。但我們也不應(yīng)忘記，英國(guó)和英聯(lián)邦也向遠(yuǎn)東派遣了250萬(wàn)軍隊(duì)，后來(lái)又向朝鮮派遣了10萬(wàn)軍隊(duì)，其中許多人再也沒(méi)有回家。而且，我們最近在伊拉克和阿富汗重復(fù)了這些軍事行動(dòng)。

It is my conclusion - regrettably - that we simply can’t trust US Politicians. Perhaps that is a legacy of the War of Independence which remains in the US psyche? ( Do you know that the US demanded we hand over Canada because a private British shipyard had the temerity to build a Confederate vessel? ). So when Trump - and many Presidents before him - say ‘America first’, that has often meant the UK last. Perhaps it is the US Military / Industrial complex, which I admit sounds all lefty ( which I’m not ) but I have come to believe that it is real and anyone who has visited Washington will be knocked sideways by the number of full-dress Military brass rubber-necking in grand hotels with sharp suited characters. So the following is not a diatribe against the US, but some unpleasant facts, which I think illustrate where we stand.

遺憾的是，我的結(jié)論是，我們根本不能相信美國(guó)政客。也許這是獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)遺留在美國(guó)人心里的問(wèn)題?（你知道嗎，美國(guó)曾因?yàn)槲覀円粋€(gè)私人英國(guó)造船廠(chǎng)建造了一艘邦聯(lián)軍艦，就要求我們交出加拿大。）所以當(dāng)特朗普——以及他之前的許多位總統(tǒng)——說(shuō)“美國(guó)優(yōu)先”時(shí)，這通常意味著英國(guó)排在最后。也許是美國(guó)的軍事/工業(yè)復(fù)合體在起作用，我承認(rèn)這聽(tīng)起來(lái)有點(diǎn)左傾（盡管我不是左派），但我開(kāi)始相信這是真實(shí)存在的，任何到過(guò)華盛頓的人都會(huì)被那些在大酒店里穿著全套軍裝、衣著光鮮的軍人所震驚。因此，以下不是對(duì)美國(guó)的抨擊，而是一些令人不快的事實(shí)，我認(rèn)為這些事實(shí)說(shuō)明了我們的立場(chǎng)。

For example when the UK stood alone against Fascism the British Empire’s entire reserves were transferred secretly to the US via Canada. This was not a question of putting our wealth in safe hands, because if that was the case it could have stayed in Canada. This huge handover of wealth, in gold and securities, was first used to get round Congressional rules forbidding us to buy war material on credit. Some of ultra-secret shipments of gold actually went in the warships which accompanied George VI and Queen Elizabeth on their tour of Canada and the USA a few months before war broke out. Later, increasingly heavy payments, most of which are still in vaults in Fort Knox, were used to persuade an unsentimental US Congress that Britain was so broke that if Congress did not support Lend-Lease (under which the US supplied Allied nations with defence materials), Hitler would win and they would face an untamed Germany across the Atlantic. Some estimate that ￡500,000,000 at 1940 prices went to the US, completely shifting the balance of wealth for ever.

例如，當(dāng)英國(guó)獨(dú)自對(duì)抗法西斯主義時(shí)，英帝國(guó)的全部?jī)?chǔ)備通過(guò)加拿大秘密轉(zhuǎn)移到了美國(guó)。這不是為了把我們的財(cái)富放在安全的人手中，如果是那樣的話(huà)，它可以留在加拿大。這些以黃金和證券形式的巨大財(cái)富轉(zhuǎn)移，最初是用來(lái)繞過(guò)國(guó)會(huì)禁止我們賒購(gòu)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)物資的規(guī)定。在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)前的幾個(gè)月，喬治六世和伊麗莎白女王出訪(fǎng)加拿大和美國(guó)的時(shí)候，一些高度機(jī)密的黃金運(yùn)輸議程實(shí)際上就在軍艦上進(jìn)行。這些沉重的支付款項(xiàng)，許多至今仍?xún)?chǔ)存在諾克斯堡的金庫(kù)中，曾被用來(lái)說(shuō)服冷靜且不感情用事的美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)：英國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)財(cái)政破產(chǎn)，如果國(guó)會(huì)不支持《租借法案》（該法案允許美國(guó)向盟國(guó)提供軍事物資），希特勒將會(huì)取得勝利，而美國(guó)將不得不面對(duì)橫跨大西洋的、無(wú)法馴服的德國(guó)。據(jù)估計(jì)，以1940年的貨幣價(jià)值計(jì)算，大約有5億英鎊的資金轉(zhuǎn)移到了美國(guó)，徹底改變了財(cái)富的平衡狀態(tài)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

One particularly bitter incident caused Churchill to rage that America was acting like a bailiff seizing goods when Britain was brusquely ordered by Franklin Roosevelt to hand over all the gold we had gathered in South Africa, and an American cruiser was dispatched to collect it.
British businesses in the USA, were sold off at knock-down prices. Lord Beaverbrook, then Minister of Aircraft Production and Churchill’s close friend, wrote to Churchill: ‘The Americans have conceded nothing. They have exacted payment to the uttermost for all they have done for us. They have taken our bases without valuable consideration. They have been given our secrets and offered us a thoroughly inadequate service in return.’

一個(gè)特別痛苦的事件使丘吉爾憤怒地宣稱(chēng)美國(guó)的行為就像一個(gè)扣押貨物的法警，當(dāng)時(shí)富蘭克林·羅斯福粗魯?shù)孛钣?guó)交出我們?cè)谀戏鞘占乃悬S金，并且派出了一艘美國(guó)巡洋艦來(lái)收集它。
在美國(guó)的英國(guó)企業(yè)被以極低的價(jià)格出售。時(shí)任飛機(jī)生產(chǎn)部長(zhǎng)、丘吉爾的密友比弗布魯克勛爵寫(xiě)信給丘吉爾：“美國(guó)人沒(méi)有讓步。他們?yōu)槲覀兯龅囊磺幸罅藰O致的回報(bào)。他們沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)充分考慮就占領(lǐng)了我們的基地。他們得到了我們的秘密，卻給我們提供了完全不適當(dāng)?shù)姆?wù)作為回報(bào)。

This bleak unsentimentality was not accidental or isolated. It continued throughout the war and beyond. The Bretton Woods conference in 1944 made it clear the USA would usurp Britain’s economic dominance once the war was over. Only later did it emerge that the USA’s negotiator, Harry Dexter White, was a Soviet agent who had no interest whatsoever in helping Britain.
This shift extended to deliberately reneging on agreements. During the war the UK 'Hazard Mission' gave the US huge amounts of technical information including our world-leading innovations in Radar, munitions, aircraft and Jet engines, and absolutely vital research on Nuclear Weapons. It was supposed to be a two-way traffic - but it wasn’t. We were ruthlessly shut out of US research. We even abandoned development of advanced aircraft in deference to US pressure to buy theirs.

這種冷酷無(wú)情的做法并非偶然或孤立。它在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間和之后持續(xù)存在。1944年的布雷頓森林會(huì)議明確表明，戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)將篡奪英國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)主導(dǎo)地位。只有后來(lái)才顯現(xiàn)出，美國(guó)的談判代表哈里·德克斯特·懷特實(shí)際上是蘇聯(lián)的代理人，他對(duì)幫助英國(guó)沒(méi)有任何興趣。
這種轉(zhuǎn)變延伸到了故意違背協(xié)議。在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，英國(guó)通過(guò)“危險(xiǎn)使命”向美國(guó)提供了大量的技術(shù)信息，包括我們?cè)诶走_(dá)、彈藥、飛機(jī)和噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)方面的世界領(lǐng)先創(chuàng)新，以及絕對(duì)關(guān)鍵的核武器研究。這本應(yīng)該是雙向的——但事實(shí)并非如此。我們被無(wú)情地排除在美國(guó)研究之外。迫于美國(guó)的壓力，我們甚至放棄了先進(jìn)飛機(jī)的研發(fā)，而從美國(guó)那購(gòu)買(mǎi)。

Which brings us to our national humiliation at Suez. US aircraft openly harassed our forces and Admiral Sir Robin Durnford-Slater complained: ‘We have twice intercepted and have been continually menaced by US aircraft.’ General Sir Charles Keightley, commander of Middle East land forces, wrote afterwards: ‘It was the action of the US which really defeated us in attaining our obxt.’ Washington, in the end, pulled the plug on our Suez adventure by threatening a run on the Pound Sterling.
And so it goes on. It was the US who imposed savage economic sanctions on Iran ( ring any bells? ) which inevitably led to tit for tat nationalising of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company - now BP - in 1953, so the UK lost out again. This was followed by the engineered fall of the democratically elected Mossadegh Government, and the US installation of the Shah Reza Pahvlavi, We know how that worked out

這讓我們回想起在蘇伊士運(yùn)河事件的國(guó)恥。美國(guó)飛機(jī)公開(kāi)騷擾我們的軍隊(duì)，海軍上將羅賓·登福德-斯萊特爵士曾抱怨說(shuō)：“我們的部隊(duì)兩次被攔截，不斷受到美國(guó)飛機(jī)的威脅?！?中東地面部隊(duì)指揮官查爾斯·凱特利將軍事后寫(xiě)道：“實(shí)際上是美國(guó)的行為，真正使我們未能達(dá)到我們的目標(biāo)?！?最終，華盛頓威脅要對(duì)英鎊進(jìn)行擠兌，從而終止了我們?cè)谔K伊士運(yùn)河的冒險(xiǎn)。
如此類(lèi)推。是美國(guó)對(duì)伊朗實(shí)施了野蠻的經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁(記得嗎?)這不可避免地導(dǎo)致了1953年英伊石油公司(現(xiàn)在的英國(guó)石油公司)的國(guó)有化，英國(guó)再次遭受損失。此后，美國(guó)策劃了民選的摩薩臺(tái)政府的倒臺(tái)，并扶植了禮薩·巴列維國(guó)王，我們都知道那最終的結(jié)果如何。

Five years later, across the border in Iraq, the British sponsored Iraqi Government was overthrown and Abdel Karim Kassem installed, which is not how the CIA planned it. It took them five years to bring about another Government, but once again they picked the wrong collaborators, because it was Saddam Hussein who was now Vice President with the CIA’s blessing, and guess what? He embarked on nationalising the oil industry, much of which was UK owned. So now it was President Nixon and Henry Kissinger who schemed to arm the Kurds and weaken the Iraqi government. Saddam and the Shah quietly came to a mutually beneficial agreement to by-pass the Americans - and all aid to the Kurds was cut. Not for the last time, as we have seen recently.

五年后，在伊拉克，英國(guó)支持的伊拉克政府被推翻，阿卜杜勒·卡里姆·卡塞姆上臺(tái)，這并非中情局的計(jì)劃。中情局花了五年時(shí)間促成了另一個(gè)政府，但他們?cè)俅芜x錯(cuò)了合作伙伴，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的副總統(tǒng)是薩達(dá)姆·侯賽因，得到了中情局的支持，你猜怎么著？他開(kāi)始將石油工業(yè)國(guó)有化，其中很多是英國(guó)擁有的。于是，尼克松總統(tǒng)和亨利·基辛格開(kāi)始策劃武裝庫(kù)爾德人以削弱伊拉克政府。薩達(dá)姆和伊朗國(guó)王禮薩·巴列維悄悄地達(dá)成了一個(gè)互惠的協(xié)議，繞開(kāi)了美國(guó)人——對(duì)庫(kù)爾德人的所有援助都被切斷了。這不是最后一次，正如我們最近所看到的。

Meanwhile in a different hemisphere in 1960 President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the CIA to train and arm a force of Cuban exiles for an armed attack on Cuba. Kennedy inherited the programme and failed to stop it. The following year in October 1962 the world came perilously close to nuclear war when the Soviet unx secretly began establishing offensive nuclear ICBM’s in Cuba. Russia was completely in the wrong and America’s resolve and Kennedy’s great courage and diplomacy saw the Soviets back down. It was a terrifying period when UK households were advised to hide in basements or Tube stations if we heard the 10 minute ( hah! ) warning siren. But there is a but. What is little remembered is that the US had been doing the same thing ( installing offensive ICBM’s ) in Turkey and Italy, aimed at Russia. Although this was not mentioned in the negotiated agreement to withdraw the Russian missiles, which included a US public declaration not to invade Cuba again. Secretly, the United States agreed that it would dismantle all Jupiter MRBMs deployed in Turkey & Italy against the Soviet unx.

與此同時(shí)，在1960年的另一個(gè)半球，艾森豪威爾總統(tǒng)下令中央情報(bào)局訓(xùn)練和武裝一群古巴流亡者，對(duì)古巴進(jìn)行武裝攻擊。肯尼迪接手了這個(gè)計(jì)劃，但未能阻止它。1962年10月，當(dāng)蘇聯(lián)秘密開(kāi)始在古巴部署進(jìn)攻性核洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈時(shí)，世界險(xiǎn)些爆發(fā)核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。蘇聯(lián)完全錯(cuò)了，美國(guó)的決心、肯尼迪的勇氣和外交手段讓蘇聯(lián)讓步了。這是一段可怕的時(shí)期，當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)家庭被建議，如果我們聽(tīng)到10分鐘的預(yù)警警報(bào)，就躲到地下室或地鐵站。但有一點(diǎn)不同。很少有人記得美國(guó)也曾在土耳其和意大利做過(guò)同樣的事情（部署進(jìn)攻性洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈），瞄準(zhǔn)俄羅斯。雖然這在撤走俄羅斯導(dǎo)彈的談判協(xié)議中沒(méi)有提及，但美國(guó)公開(kāi)聲明不再入侵古巴，并秘密同意拆除所有部署在土耳其和意大利針對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的木星中程彈道導(dǎo)彈。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://mintwatchbillionaireclub.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

As an aside few realise that the USA offered Polaris missiles to France before it offered them to us. And how much control do we really have over our modern Trident missiles. Are they even ours?
The Falklands is often quoted as an example of the US quietly helping the UK. In fact Alexander Haig secretly briefed Galtieri after meeting Margaret Thatcher, and US Ambassador to the UN Jeane Kirkpatrick argued that it was in America’s national interest to support Galtieri and wanted Reagan to side with the Argentines because they feared that a defeat could lead to a left-wing Government there. One consequence was that the USA refused to supply us with sidewinders in sufficient numbers and another that most of the Argentine kit was made in USA - .even the Belgrano was supplied by the US. Of course we know about France’s supply of Excocets and Super Eternards to Argentina ( we sold them weapons too ), but France were very helpful to the UK during the war, loaning Britain some of their own equipment so our Armed Forces could train against them, halting all sales to the Argentians once the crisis began, and providing Britain with the codes necessary to render Exocets useless if we could get to them.

順便說(shuō)一句，很少有人意識(shí)到美國(guó)先向法國(guó)提供了北極星導(dǎo)彈，然后才向我們提供。我們對(duì)現(xiàn)代三叉戟導(dǎo)彈的控制程度到底有多大？它們真的屬于我們嗎？
?？颂m群島戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)常被引用為美國(guó)暗中幫助英國(guó)的一個(gè)例子。實(shí)際上，在與瑪格麗特·撒切爾會(huì)面之后，亞歷山大·黑格私下向阿根廷總統(tǒng)萊奧波爾多·加爾鐵里提供了情報(bào)。同時(shí)，美國(guó)駐聯(lián)合國(guó)大使珍妮·柯克帕特里克主張，支持加爾鐵里符合美國(guó)的國(guó)家利益，她勸說(shuō)羅納德·里根總統(tǒng)站在阿根廷這邊，因?yàn)樗麄兒ε氯绻⒏⒄畱?zhàn)敗，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致那里出現(xiàn)一個(gè)左翼政權(quán)。一個(gè)后果是美國(guó)拒絕向我們提供足夠數(shù)量的“響尾蛇”導(dǎo)彈，另一個(gè)后果是阿根廷的大部分裝備都是美國(guó)制造的——甚至“貝爾格拉諾將軍號(hào)”(ARA General Belgrano)巡洋艦也是由美國(guó)供應(yīng)的。當(dāng)然，我們知道法國(guó)向阿根廷提供了飛魚(yú)導(dǎo)彈和“超軍旗”戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)（我們也向他們出售了武器），但在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，法國(guó)對(duì)英國(guó)非常有幫助，借給英國(guó)一些自己的裝備，以便我們的武裝部隊(duì)能夠進(jìn)行對(duì)抗它們的訓(xùn)練，一旦危機(jī)開(kāi)始就停止了所有對(duì)阿根廷的銷(xiāo)售，并給我們提供了必要的代碼，使我們能夠使飛魚(yú)導(dǎo)彈失效——如果我們能夠探測(cè)到它們的話(huà)。