宋代歷史：中國是如何比歐洲早500年實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的
How China Almost Industrialized 500 Years Before Europe - Song Dynasty History
譯文簡介
宋朝被認(rèn)為是真正的文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，比歐洲啟蒙運(yùn)動早了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。如果事情繼續(xù)這樣發(fā)展下去，中國很可能已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了某種工業(yè)時(shí)代。已經(jīng)掌握了高爐技術(shù)，絲綢、造紙、陶瓷的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)，以及當(dāng)時(shí)相當(dāng)先進(jìn)的武器生產(chǎn)制造業(yè)。中國人和他們的東亞鄰國很可能早在19世紀(jì)的英國人之前就已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)漫長的工業(yè)時(shí)代。
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Despite losing most of Northern China to the Jin, the Song to their credit were still able to hold off the Jin and later Mongols for most of their dynasty by investing in strong fortifications at key strategic locations, and of course their advanced gunpowder weapons certainly kept their enemies at bay, even when the Song bureaucracy and its emperors became increasingly feckless and corrupt. One example is their navy. As unlike their northern neighbors the Song could employ riverboats equipped with paddle wheel technology that had better movement and maneuverability compared to traditional sailing ships. These boats equipped were quipped with trebuchets that lobbed gunpowder bombs at enemy fleets were virtually unassailable when taking on the Jin navy on the Yangtze. These ships were so effective that they were even used up until the Opium Wars, much to the surprise of the British who did not expect the Chinese to be this advanced in their nautical technology.
盡管中國北方的大部分地區(qū)都丟給了金朝，但值得贊揚(yáng)的是，宋朝通過在關(guān)鍵的戰(zhàn)略位置投資修建堅(jiān)固的防御工事，仍然能夠在其王朝的大部分時(shí)間里抵御金朝和后來的蒙古人，當(dāng)然，即使宋朝的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)及其皇帝變得越來越無能和腐敗，他們先進(jìn)的火藥武器肯定會阻止敵人。一個(gè)例子是他們的海軍。與北方的鄰居不同，宋朝可以使用配備槳輪技術(shù)的內(nèi)河船，與傳統(tǒng)帆船相比，槳輪技術(shù)具有更好的移動性和操縱性。這些船裝備了投石機(jī)，可以向敵軍艦隊(duì)投擲火藥炸彈，在長江上與金國海軍作戰(zhàn)時(shí)幾乎無懈可擊。這樣的船只非常有作用，甚至在鴉片戰(zhàn)爭之前都還被使用，這讓英國人大吃一驚，他們沒想到中國的航海技術(shù)會如此先進(jìn)。
The Song Dynasty has been considered the true Renaissance Period, that came a several centuries ahead of the Enlightenment in Europe. Had things continued the way they did, its quite possible China would have experienced an industrial age of sorts. Having already mastered blast furnace technology, and production of silk, paper and ceramics on an industrial scale, as well as an arms producing industry quite advanced for its time. Its likely the Chinese and their East Asian neighbors could have seen an industrial era long before the British did in the 19th century.
宋朝被認(rèn)為是真正的文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，比歐洲啟蒙運(yùn)動早了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。如果事情繼續(xù)這樣發(fā)展下去，中國很可能已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了某種工業(yè)時(shí)代。已經(jīng)掌握了高爐技術(shù)，絲綢、造紙、陶瓷的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)，以及當(dāng)時(shí)相當(dāng)先進(jìn)的武器生產(chǎn)制造業(yè)。中國人和他們的東亞鄰國很可能早在19世紀(jì)的英國人之前就已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)漫長的工業(yè)時(shí)代。
Thankgod they squandered that opportunity
謝天謝地，他們浪費(fèi)了這個(gè)機(jī)會
Max G
Ohhh please, this video is clickbait meet Chinese propaganda lovers
哦，拜托，這段視頻是標(biāo)題黨與中國宣傳愛好者雙向奔赴了
@Max G
well, the conditions for china were there. This is just history
嗯，中國的條件就在那里。這就是歷史。
Stop being delusional
別妄想了
No matter they are developing and yet they can't catch up with European. Why? Kingship and dictators while Europe adopt from rome which hold senate and Republic ideal.
不管他們是否在發(fā)展，他們還是趕不上歐洲人。為什么?因?yàn)橥鯔?quán)和獨(dú)裁者，而歐洲則從羅馬繼承了元老院和共和國的理想。
It was just rich. It was very weak militarily. In fact, East Asia then was dominated, not solely by Song, but also Jin, Liao and a host of other Northern countries, even before the Mongols. In China the dynasty is looked upon unfavorably.
只是很有錢。它在軍事上非常虛弱。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)時(shí)的東亞不僅由宋朝統(tǒng)治，還包括金國、遼國和許多其他北方國家，甚至比蒙古人還早。在中國，這個(gè)朝代飽受差評。
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Renaissance means "rebirth" and refers to reestablishing the wisdom of classical greece and rome. As this was China's first period of massive intellectual advancement, rather than restarting a previous tradition, using the word Renaissance makes no sense.
文藝復(fù)興意味著“重生”，指的是重建古典希臘和羅馬的智慧。由于這是中國第一次大規(guī)模的知識進(jìn)步，而不是重新開始以前的傳統(tǒng)，使用“文藝復(fù)興”這個(gè)詞說不通。
You are very interesting. You always deny China under the comments that praise ancient China. According to your logic, the dictatorship of ancient China should not have industrialization. lol
你很真有意思。你總是在贊美古代中國的評論下否定中國。按照你的邏輯，中國古代的獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治不應(yīng)該有工業(yè)化,哈哈
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@Dealanach
"this was China's first period of massive intellectual advancement, rather than restarting a previous tradition"
So the Han and Tang dynasties didn't count as golden periods where art and scholarly pursuits in China flourished during those times of peace and plenty, that influenced later dynastic periods?
“這是中國第一次大規(guī)模的知識進(jìn)步，而不是重新開始以前的傳統(tǒng)……”
所以漢唐時(shí)期不算是中國藝術(shù)和學(xué)術(shù)繁榮的黃金時(shí)期嗎?在這段和平富足的時(shí)期，中國的藝術(shù)和學(xué)術(shù)追求蓬勃發(fā)展，并影響了后來的朝代。
@Max G
sour jealousy hahahs
酸味十足的嫉妒，哈哈哈
@kim kim
already caught up now, boy
已經(jīng)追上了，孩子
The problem with your argument is that you see history as too linear, it's not.
你的論點(diǎn)的問題在于你認(rèn)為歷史是線性的，并非如此。
@karma.fugitive
Speaking purely on dynasties, it was pretty true the Song dynasty had a weak military and that proved fatal when it's main goal was for internal security rather than actual power projection like the Tang Dynasty. People often overlook the Tang dynasty but it was a true medi empire and were responsible for pretty much containing the Mongolian/nomadic ambitions.
僅就朝代而言，宋朝的軍事力量確實(shí)很弱，而事實(shí)證明，這是致命的，因?yàn)樗纬闹饕繕?biāo)是內(nèi)部安全，而不是像唐朝那樣的實(shí)際權(quán)力投射。人們經(jīng)常忽視唐朝，但它是一個(gè)真正的中世紀(jì)帝國，在很大程度上遏制了蒙古人/游牧民族的野心。
@Dealanach
yes it does have that meaning of "rebirth," but if we look how "sympathy" in English has not the same meaning as "sympatico," in Spanish, we can also say that renaissance has a meaning of "re-innocence," not necessarily solely of "rebirth." To be nascent implies child like attributes, we can say born again, but the concept is that of innocence.
是的，它確實(shí)有“重生”的含義，但如果我們看看英語中的“同情”與西班牙語中的“同情”的含義有多不一樣，我們也可以說文藝復(fù)興有“再天真”的含義，而不一定僅僅是“重生”。新生意味著孩子般的品質(zhì)，我們可以說是重生，但這個(gè)概念是“純真”。
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@Dealanach
Actually Song was a era of Reviewing classical Confucianism and new schools of confucianist thoughts were incubated during Song.
宋朝是一個(gè)重儒家的時(shí)代，新儒家思想在宋朝孕育。
@Leanh Leanh
Don’t be salty vietnamese, Song Chinese did invented gunpowder and utilised it in to military use, who knows how far they would’ve advanced in utilising such technology without the interruption of Mongol invasion.
不要像搞笑的越南人，宋朝的中國人確實(shí)發(fā)明了火藥，并將其用于軍事用途，誰知道如果沒有蒙古人的入侵，他們會在利用這種技術(shù)方面取得多大進(jìn)步。
But they had to see glass and think "this is useless"
They could have gained so many new technologies
但他們看到玻璃就會想"這沒用"。
他們本可以獲得如此多的新技術(shù)。
Kuro Azrem
This is probably the most interesting period for me in the whole of Chinese history. In fact, I think that, hadn't the Mongols wrecked China at this stage, it could have spearheaded modernity, with it reaching Europea via the Muslim World.
對我來說，這可能是整個(gè)中國歷史上最有趣的時(shí)期。事實(shí)上，我認(rèn)為，如果蒙古人沒有在這個(gè)階段摧毀中國，它可能會成為現(xiàn)代化的先鋒，通過穆斯林世界到達(dá)歐洲。
Yep, that's the story of a bunch of Golden Ages which collapses due to internal/external pressure. Western Rome's fall likely stalled Europe significantly as well.
是的，這是一個(gè)關(guān)于黃金時(shí)代的故事，由于內(nèi)部/外部壓力而崩潰。西羅馬的衰落很可能也讓歐洲停滯不前。
@Stephen Jenkins
Western Rome had been declining for some time already when the barbarians came around, but it's true that the collapse of the Roman state structure and the division of the empire into several squabbling kingdoms did a number on Western Europe.
蠻族到來時(shí)，西羅馬已經(jīng)衰落了一段時(shí)間，但羅馬國家結(jié)構(gòu)的崩潰和帝國分裂成幾個(gè)爭吵不休的王國確實(shí)對西歐造成了影響。
No matter they are developing and yet they can't catch up with European. Why? Kingship and dictators while Europe adopt from rome which hold senate and Republic ideal.
不管他們是否發(fā)展，他們還是趕不上歐洲人。為什么?因?yàn)橥鯔?quán)和獨(dú)裁者，而歐洲則從羅馬繼承了元老院和共和國的理想。
@José Manuel Blanco Goldar
actually the fall of the western empire was the best thing that could have happened to creativity and technological advances in Europe just compare the scientific advancement that happened after the fall with before it and you will see how stagnate rome was
實(shí)際上，西羅馬帝國的滅亡對歐洲的創(chuàng)造力和技術(shù)進(jìn)步來說是最好的事情，只要比較一下西羅馬帝國滅亡前后的科學(xué)進(jìn)步，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)羅馬有多停滯不前。
@Stephen Jenkins
the fall of the western empire was the best thing for science the medival world was time of new advances in technology and science while rome was infamously anti technology and sc3
西羅馬帝國的滅亡對科學(xué)來說是最好的事情，中世紀(jì)是科技和科學(xué)取得新進(jìn)展的時(shí)代，而羅馬以反科技而臭名昭著。
@Mohamed Ramadan
that's actually right.
的確如此。
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@kim kim
not really. Rome was a tyranny for most of its history. Also, democracy doesn't necessarily produce innovation. According to that logic, the first industrial superpower should have been the Greeks, and that didn't happen quite clearly.
不見得。羅馬歷史上的大部分時(shí)間都是暴政。此外，民主并不一定會產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)新。按照這種邏輯，第一個(gè)工業(yè)超級大國應(yīng)該是希臘人，但很明顯這并未發(fā)生。
@kim kim
haha still whitewashed, I see.
哈哈哈，還在粉飾，我明白了。
@Mohamed Ramadan
Rome was anti-technology? What are you smoking to make such a wrong statement? I guess those roads and aqueduct plus the constant need to make things better to pay for their whole empire doesn't count huh?
羅馬反科技？你憑什么這么說?我想那些道路和高架渠，加上他們還需要不斷改進(jìn)，以支付整個(gè)帝國的費(fèi)用，這些都不算嗎?
@Kuro Azrem
True that. Most innovations up until recently happened under empires and kings although you could argue that the American empire is a thing but the point still stands.
沒錯(cuò)。直到最近，大多數(shù)創(chuàng)新都發(fā)生在帝國和國王的統(tǒng)治之下，盡管你可以說美利堅(jiān)帝國是個(gè)垃圾，但這一點(diǎn)仍然成立。
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@kim kim
lol Rome was a dictator for most of its life. The reason they developed faster was because they invented books and kept the records and chose not to be in isolation like Japan and China. The combination of knowledge recorded in books and colonialism made Europe to have riches to fund the royal coffin.
哈哈，羅馬大半時(shí)間都是獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治。他們之所以發(fā)展得更快，是因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)明了書，并保存了記錄，并選擇不像日本和中國那樣孤立。書籍記載的知識和殖民主義相結(jié)合，使歐洲擁有了資助王室棺材的財(cái)富。
@Alexane Rose
they were okay with perfecting existing techniques. But they despised creative destruction as they were very conservative
他們愿意完善現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)。但他們鄙視創(chuàng)造性破壞，因?yàn)樗麄兎浅１Ｊ?/b>
X Z
An important reason for 重文輕武 (more focused on civil than on military) is that the founder himself of Song is by coup to attain power, so he is particularly alx to any remotely potential military guys/activities, thus he had a game play called 杯酒釋兵權(quán) (release general's military power by a wine/dine talk). Since the beginning of the Dynasty, Song was bound to be on a path of civil activities. Unfortunately, by Southern Song, that was the time nomads like Khitan, Jurchen, and Mongols started to rise.
一個(gè)重要的原因重文輕武（更注重民事而非軍事）宋的創(chuàng)始人，本人是通過政變獲得權(quán)力的，因此他對任何有潛在威脅可能的軍方人物/活動特別警惕，因此他有一個(gè)名為“杯酒釋兵權(quán) ”（通過酒宴談話釋放將軍的軍事力量）的操作。自王朝伊始，宋朝就必然走上了一條民事活動的道路。不幸的是，到了南宋，契丹、女真和蒙古等游牧民族開始崛起。
The defeat of the Song dynasty by the Mongols marked one of the saddest moments I saw in history alongside with the Sack of Baghdad in 1258 and the Sack of Constantiople in 1204. If only the Song and Western xia willingly become Chingghis Khan's vassals, they may survived longer.
P.S; Despite the imperial court being portrayed as corrupted, the media always make an exception when it comes to Bao Zheng. As fo Pang Ji, his historical self is generally a good guy while his fictionalized version is a big jerk who is always at odds with Bao Zheng.
宋朝被蒙古人打敗，標(biāo)志著我在歷史上看到的最悲傷的時(shí)刻之一，1258年巴格達(dá)被洗劫，1204年君士坦丁堡被洗劫。如果宋朝和西夏愿意成為成吉思汗的附庸，他們可能會存在更久。
盡管朝廷被描繪成腐敗的，但對于包拯，媒體總是破例。至于龐吉，他的歷史原型大致是個(gè)好人，但在小說中的形象卻是個(gè)大混蛋，總是與包拯不和。
The Song Dynasty became a Mongol ally during the latter's war against the Jin. However, the Song Dynasty did so by also betraying their own treaties with the Jin. After the Jin was wiped from the map, the Song Dynasty advanced North and occupied Jin territories conquered by the Mongols (which the Jin conquered from the Song). Naturally, Ogedei Khan was quite alarmed by this and retaliated, which sparked the eventual Song-Mongol War.
Before this, the Mongols were actually rather content with an independent Southern Song Dynasty.
在與金國的戰(zhàn)爭中，宋朝成為了蒙古的盟友。宋朝這么干也違背了自己與金國的條約。在金國從地圖上消失后，宋朝向北推進(jìn)，占領(lǐng)了蒙古人占領(lǐng)的金國領(lǐng)土(金國從宋朝手中奪取的領(lǐng)土)。當(dāng)然，窩闊臺汗對此非常震驚，并進(jìn)行了報(bào)復(fù)，最終引發(fā)了宋蒙戰(zhàn)爭。
在此之前，蒙古人其實(shí)對一個(gè)獨(dú)立的南宋很滿意。
@TakCWAL
jin rulers rage 2 front wars like Nazi Germany, the Song Court didn't have chance to allied with Jin.
金國統(tǒng)治者像納粹德國一樣發(fā)動了兩次前線戰(zhàn)爭，宋朝沒有機(jī)會與金國結(jié)盟。
Not sure what so sad about it.
1. The southern song territories were quite peaceful since Song collapsed so quick and territories were transferred to Mongol in short time, thus the commerces of Yangtze region remained to exist until it destroyed a century later by the cruel and barbaric Ming Empire.
2. Those bureaucrats with integrity characters were few, very few. Most of them were truly corrupted or systematically corrupted, the native residents of the southern part of China Proper were forced to rebel every couple years throughout Song history.
3. What is truly deserve to feel sad is a cannibal magistrate（食人知州） who ate the flesh of many street kids retired peacefully without facing any trial or punishment thanks to Mongol invasion.
不知道有什么好難過的。
1.南宋的疆域非常和平，因?yàn)樗魏芸炀捅罎⒘?，疆域很快就轉(zhuǎn)移到了蒙古國，因此長江地區(qū)的商業(yè)活動一直存在，直到一個(gè)世紀(jì)后被殘酷野蠻的明帝國摧毀。
2. 那些有正義感的官僚很少，非常少。他們中的大多數(shù)都是真的很腐敗或系統(tǒng)性腐敗，在宋朝歷史上，中國南部的土著居民每隔幾年就被迫造反。
3.真正值得悲傷的是吃人的法官(食人知州）， 他們吃了許多街頭兒童的肉，由于蒙古的入侵，他們安然地退休了，沒有受到任何審判或懲罰。
@Wei Shi
Officially, in 1233, the Jin court dispatched diplomats to the Song requesting for aid against the Mongols. This was dismissed by the Song court, because the latter was already engaged in negotiations with the Mongols for a united offensive against the Jin. This was despite a treaty of peace already existed between the JIn and the Song. In 1234, Song support for the Mongols turned from just resources to actual military action, an act which eventually led to the demise of the Jin. If there was no chance of alliance, it's because the Song denied any chance of its fruition.
1233年，金國正式向宋朝派遣外交官，請求支援對抗蒙古人。這被宋朝駁回，因?yàn)楹笳咭呀?jīng)與蒙古人談判，準(zhǔn)備聯(lián)合進(jìn)攻金國。盡管金國和宋朝之間已經(jīng)簽訂了和平條約。1234年，宋朝對蒙古人的支持從單純的資源轉(zhuǎn)向了實(shí)際的軍事行動，最終導(dǎo)致了金國的滅亡。如果說宋金沒有結(jié)盟的機(jī)會，那是因?yàn)樗畏穸巳魏纬晒Y(jié)盟的機(jī)會。
@TakCWAL
jin already become none factor at this point, they lost most their army and land. Their only value left was for Song to show it's army still capable to the Mongols.
在這一點(diǎn)上，金國已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)無足輕重的因素，他們失去了大部分的軍隊(duì)和土地。他們唯一的價(jià)值就是讓宋朝向蒙古人展示他們的軍隊(duì)依然強(qiáng)大。
@TakCWAL
damm so the Song really had this coming to them...maybe they really did underestimated the mongols and bit off more than they could chew..but then again i feel like the mongols would still attack the Song even if they didn't reclaimed the Jin lands..it's just that it wouldn't happen that quickly had they not made the first move.
草，所以這是宋朝的報(bào)應(yīng)……也許他們真的低估了蒙古人，貪多嚼不爛。但我覺得蒙古人仍然會攻擊宋朝，即使他們沒有收回金國的土地。只是，如果他們不主動出擊，事情就不會發(fā)生得這么快。
Grand Moff Tarkin
Also geography also plays an important role in why Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty are slow in developing industrial revolution. Because the coal mines are far away from cities whereas in Britain the mines are located adjacent to cities. Coal is a crucial resources to make high quality steel and as a fuel to power steam engines.
Despite China's geography is not ideal for pioneering the 1st industrial revolution but at least its a lot better than Russia. Russia is huge but its resources are scattered all over the places and there are constant lack of manpower issues in Russia.
地理因素也是宋明工業(yè)革命發(fā)展緩慢的一個(gè)重要原因。因?yàn)槊旱V離城市很遠(yuǎn)，而在英國煤礦靠近城市。煤炭是制造高質(zhì)量鋼鐵的關(guān)鍵資源，也是驅(qū)動蒸汽機(jī)的燃料。
盡管中國的地理位置并不適合開創(chuàng)第一次工業(yè)革命，但至少比俄羅斯好得多。俄羅斯幅員遼闊，但資源分散在各地，一直存在人力不足的問題。
The Wang Anshi reform itself is one of the most important lessons on economics, policy, and party politics in Chinese history. This deserves an episode on its own.
王安石改革本身就是中國歷史上經(jīng)濟(jì)、政策和政黨政治方面最重要的一課。這件事本身就值得做一期視頻。
It reminds you of the importance of having strong military when a country grows into prosperity. Qing dynasty was also one of the wealthiest countries among the world’s, until it got wrecked and robbed by almost every single strong power of the time.
它提醒你，當(dāng)一個(gè)國家走向繁榮時(shí)，擁有強(qiáng)大的軍事力量的重要性。清朝也是世界上最富有的國家之一，直到它被當(dāng)時(shí)幾乎所有強(qiáng)國摧毀和掠奪。
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Song dynasty was a golden age empire born in the wrong time when the wolves are at peak of their power. Not only in culture and technology. Compare to other dynasties, Song empire also had relatively benevolent emperors.
宋朝是一個(gè)黃金時(shí)代的帝國，誕生在一個(gè)草原狼的力量達(dá)到巔峰的錯(cuò)誤時(shí)代。不僅在文化和技術(shù)方面，與其他朝代相比，宋朝也有相對仁慈的皇帝。