中國如何成功地將多種語言統(tǒng)一為一種國家語言 - 普通話？

So, you see, Chinese is very interesting. In the written form, it has maintained an extremely strong stability across both space and time. Generally, Chinese middle school students can read Tang Dynasty novels from 1,500 years ago with relative ease, and it’s not difficult for educated Chinese people to read classics from 2,000 years ago. Personally, I read Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, and Journey to the West many times after the age of nine. In fact, all three novels are older than Shakespeare's works.

所以你看，漢語非常有趣。在書面形式上，它在時間和空間上都保持了極強的穩(wěn)定性。一般來說，中國的中學生可以輕松閱讀1500年前唐朝的小說，而受過良好教育的中國人讀懂2000年前的古籍也不算困難。我個人在九歲之后多次閱讀了《三國演義》、《水滸傳》和《西游記》。事實上，這三部小說的歷史都比莎士比亞的作品還要久遠。

On the other hand, the difficulty of dialects is simply exponential. My wife is from the North, and I’m from the South. Even though I find Northern dialects very easy to understand, I still have a lot of trouble when I listen to my in-laws speak. And if I speak my hometown dialect, I can guarantee my wife wouldn’t understand a single word. In fact, the dialect I speak is technically included in the official Chinese system and shouldn’t even be considered a "dialect!"

另一方面，方言的復雜性卻是指數(shù)級的。我的妻子來自北方，而我是南方人。盡管我覺得北方方言很容易理解，但當我聽岳父母說話時，仍然感到很吃力。而如果我說自己的家鄉(xiāng)方言，我可以保證我的妻子一個字也聽不懂。事實上，我所講的方言在官方認定的漢語體系中，甚至不應該被稱為“方言”！

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was an urgent need to unify spoken language, and great efforts were made toward this goal, but the results were not very effective.

新中國成立后，國家迫切需要統(tǒng)一口語，并為此付出了巨大努力，但效果并不理想。

For example, when I was in university, we had a classmate from a county that wasn’t particularly remote, but it took him almost six months to comfortably understand the teacher's Mandarin. Every day after class, he needed to borrow other students' notes to study (thank goodness for the incredible stability of Chinese written language!).

舉個例子，我在大學時，有一位同學來自一個并不偏遠的縣城，但他花了將近六個月的時間，才勉強能聽懂老師的普通話。每天課后，他都需要借其他同學的筆記來學習（多虧了漢語書面語言驚人的穩(wěn)定性！）。

He is now the deputy chief designer of a major engineering project :)

現(xiàn)在，他已經(jīng)成為一個大型工程項目的副總設計師了 :)

Nowadays, Mandarin no longer needs to be actively promoted. Almost everyone can understand it, and most can more or less speak it, except for some elderly people, due to urbanization and the prence of radio and television.

如今，普通話已經(jīng)不再需要刻意推廣了。由于城市化進程和廣播電視的普及，幾乎所有人都能聽懂普通話，大多數(shù)人也能勉強說出來，只有一些年長者例外。

Here’s an example that will make it crystal clear.

這里有一個非常直觀的例子。

A friend of mine who teaches in a minority region as a volunteer said that in recent years, they no longer need to put a lot of effort into teaching Mandarin to the minority children—they pick it up on their own.

我有一位朋友在少數(shù)民族地區(qū)做志愿教師，他說近年來，已經(jīng)不需要花太多精力教當?shù)睾⒆悠胀ㄔ捔恕麄冏约壕湍軐W會。

Why?

為什么？
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He said it’s because of Douyin (the Chinese version of TikTok). The children, from a young age, have been holding smartphones and, while watching Chinese TikTok, have unconsciously mastered Mandarin.

他說，這都是因為“抖音”（中國版TikTok）。這些孩子從小就拿著智能手機，一邊看抖音，一邊無意識地掌握了普通話。

Aya Shawn
Unification of written language: completed 2200 years ago

書面語言的統(tǒng)一：2200年前就已完成

When the Qin Empire was established, the Chinese character variants of various countries were abolished and unified into a single writing method, and the Han Empire inherited this practice. For the next 2000 years, Chinese characters have been unified.

秦朝建立后，各國原有的漢字變體被廢除，統(tǒng)一成一種書寫體系，漢朝繼承了這一做法。在接下來的2000年里，漢字始終保持統(tǒng)一。

Even some dynasties established by foreign ethnic groups, such as the Northern Wei, Liao, Yuan, and Qing dynasties, inherited and continued to use Chinese characters. Because compared with the characters brought by other ethnic groups, the superiority of Chinese characters is too obvious.

即使是一些由外來民族建立的朝代，如北魏、遼、元、清等，也都繼承并繼續(xù)使用漢字。因為與其他民族帶來的文字相比，漢字的優(yōu)越性實在太明顯了。
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Unification of spoken language: very difficult, in fact, it was gradually completed in the 1990s

口語的統(tǒng)一：非常困難，實際上是在1990年代才逐步完成的

It is very difficult for a huge empire to unify spoken language. No large empire in the world has really accomplished this, and China is no exception.

要讓一個龐大的帝國實現(xiàn)口語的統(tǒng)一是極其困難的。世界上沒有哪個大帝國真正做到過這一點，中國也不例外。

In ancient China, official spoken language has never really spread to every place, which is limited by the ability of voice to spread. In the era without tape recorders, radio, and television, this is an impossible task. Through the spread between people, the spoken language will always be deformed and cannot be truly unified.

在古代，中國的官方口語從未真正傳播到每個地方，這是因為語音傳播的能力有限。在沒有錄音機、廣播和電視的時代，這是一項不可能完成的任務?？谡Z通過人與人之間的傳播，總會發(fā)生變化，因此無法真正統(tǒng)一。

After radio and television gradually entered the family, China really completed the unification of spoken language. With the help of communication means that no longer cause the deformation of spoken language, and the real realization of compulsory education.

直到廣播和電視逐漸進入家庭，中國才真正完成了口語的統(tǒng)一。借助這些不會導致語言變形的傳播工具，以及義務教育的全面實施，普通話的普及才成為現(xiàn)實。

Chinese people born after 1980 have basically received education in Mandarin, and they tend to speak two types of spoken language: 1. Local dialect 2. Mandarin

1980年以后出生的中國人基本上都是接受普通話教育的，他們通常會說兩種語言：1. 當?shù)胤窖?2. 普通話。

Qing BOY
1. Although the dialects in various parts of China are very different, the writing system that supports the main language has always been unified, that is, Chinese characters.

盡管中國各地的方言差異巨大，但支撐主要語言的書寫體系始終是統(tǒng)一的，那就是漢字。

2. Free compulsory education system.

2. 免費的義務教育體系。

3. Bilingual education is implemented in minority areas, with Chinese as the main language.

3. 在少數(shù)民族地區(qū)實施雙語教育，以漢語為主。

4. Economic development has brought about a large number of population flows due to traffic development. Accepting the main language means more job opportunities and dating opportunities.

4. 經(jīng)濟發(fā)展帶來了大量人口流動，交通的發(fā)展進一步推動了這一進程。掌握主要語言意味著更多的就業(yè)機會和社交機會。

Melvin Tai
This is the wisdom of the rulers ever since Qin Dynasty.

這是自秦朝以來統(tǒng)治者的智慧。

Qin has unified 3 main systems: language, measurement, and monetary.

秦朝統(tǒng)一了三個主要體系：語言、度量衡和貨幣。

For language, there is an official language that is used in all official matters, but local people are allowed to use their own local language. However, all the written language for standard items is all the same.

在語言方面，國家規(guī)定了官方語言用于所有正式事務，但允許地方居民使用自己的方言。然而，所有標準事務的書面語言始終保持一致。

So, a scholar may speak his own local language, but if he wants to write books, he will use the official writing system. If he wants to enter civil service, he has to take the test in official language.

因此，一個學者可能會說自己的方言，但如果他想寫書，就必須使用官方書面語言。如果他想進入仕途，就必須用官方語言參加考試。
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This system has preserved the local dialects for over 2500 years, and yet unified the entire Chinese population.

這一體系既保留了地方方言長達2500多年，同時也實現(xiàn)了整個中華民族的統(tǒng)一。

Alex Valbel
They did not. There is no how.

他們并沒有做到。這根本不可能。

There are still dozens of languages in China and one lingua franca, called Standard Chinese, taught in all schools across the country.

中國依然存在幾十種語言，但有一種通用語——普通話，它在全國所有學校中教授。

Standard Chinese is a sort of Mandarin but not all people who speak Mandarin speak the same Mandarin as the standard.

普通話是一種官話方言，但并非所有講官話的人都說標準普通話。

To the point where there are people who speak different kinds of Mandarin and still need to switch to Standard Chinese to understand each other.

甚至有些講不同官話方言的人，仍然需要切換到標準普通話才能相互理解。

It is exactly the same in the West where people can speak English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, etc. in their respective areas/countries but English is taught everywhere and in most cases used as the common language between people who don’t have the same mother tongue.

這與西方的情況完全相同。不同地區(qū)或國家的人可能講英語、西班牙語、法語、德語、意大利語等，但英語幾乎在所有地方都被教授，并在大多數(shù)情況下作為不同母語者之間的通用語言。

Qurocity
China successfully united multiple languages under Mandarin through a series of strategic steps:

中國通過一系列戰(zhàn)略措施成功地將多種語言統(tǒng)一在普通話之下：

1. Historical Role of Mandarin: Mandarin, particularly the Beijing dialect, served as a common language for administration in imperial China.

普通話的歷史作用： 在中國封建時代，普通話（尤其是北京方言）作為行政語言，被廣泛用于官場交流。

2. Political Decisions: The Republic of China sexted Beijing Mandarin as the national language in 1913, standardizing it for nationwide use.

2. 政治決策：1913年，“中華民國”政府選擇北京官話作為國家通用語言，并開始在全國范圍內(nèi)推行標準化。

3. Educational Reforms: Mandarin became the medium of instruction in schools, ensuring younger generations learned it.

3. 教育改革： 普通話成為學校的主要教學語言，確保年輕一代能夠?qū)W習和掌握它。

4. Media and Communication: National media and government policies reinforced Mandarin as the standard language.

4. 媒體與傳播： 國家級媒體和政府政策不斷加強普通話的標準化地位。

5. Cultural Integration: Mandarin was promoted as a symbol of national unity while allowing local dialects in informal settings.

5. 文化融合： 普通話被推廣為國家統(tǒng)一的象征，同時在非正式場合允許方言的存在。

6. Economic and Social Mobility: Proficiency in Mandarin became essential for success, encouraging widespread adoption.

6. 經(jīng)濟與社會流動性： 掌握普通話成為成功的重要條件，這進一步促進了它的廣泛使用。

Through these efforts, Mandarin emerged as the unifying language across China's diverse linguistic landscape.

通過這些努力，普通話成為了中國多元語言環(huán)境中的統(tǒng)一語言。