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Dulcet Aurora

甜美的極光

Because the way you build wealth is to FIRST focus on social cohesion, knowledge gains, and health.

因?yàn)榉e累財(cái)富的方式是首先要關(guān)注社會(huì)凝聚力、知識(shí)獲取和健康。

They have done this and continue to do this. Other countries are focused on profit, even if they erode those very aspects (social, intellectual, natural capital) that allowed them to be productive in the first place.

他們已經(jīng)這樣做了，并且繼續(xù)這樣做。其他國(guó)家則專(zhuān)注于利潤(rùn)，即使這些利潤(rùn)侵蝕了最初使他們具有生產(chǎn)力的那些方面（社會(huì)、智力、自然資本）。

It's a huge gap.

這是一個(gè)巨大的差距。

Bruno Gripp
Incredible that most answers, even by economists and native people, hardly got further than WWII. Well, by WWII, Sweden, Denmark and Norway were already quite rich for any standards, specially when compared to southern Europeans like the PIGS.

令人難以置信的是，大多數(shù)答案，甚至包括經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和本地人的回答，幾乎都沒(méi)有超越二戰(zhàn)。在二戰(zhàn)時(shí)，瑞典、丹麥和挪威已經(jīng)非常富裕，特別是與南歐的PIGS國(guó)家相比。
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I don't want to give a complete answer, but there are some reasons, some geographical. Several mentioned the rich mineral reserves they have, which is a very good thing, but is also important to mention their proximity to the largest economies of Europe (UK and Germany), which were in the late 1800's the largest in the world. And this geographical closeness I think is the main reason for their success.

我不想給出一個(gè)完整的答案，但有一些原因，其中一些是地理方面的。有幾個(gè)人提到了他們豐富的礦產(chǎn)資源，這是一件非常好的事情，但同樣重要的是要提到他們與歐洲最大經(jīng)濟(jì)體（英國(guó)和德國(guó)）的接近，這些經(jīng)濟(jì)體在19世紀(jì)末是世界上最大的。我認(rèn)為這種地理上的接近是他們成功的主要原因。

In fact, Sweden and Denmark tied their economies to their larger partners. The latter became a major producer of agricultural goods and helped to fed the Industrial Revolution in England (where agricultural production plummeted in its first stages); the former was a major source of iron ore to the industrialization of Germany. Therefore, their economies benefited from the huge growth brought by the industrialization of the European behemoths. While larger, imperialistic countries faced enormous challenges during the last 100 years, the Scandinavians skipped these problems and benefited from it.

事實(shí)上，瑞典和丹麥將各自的經(jīng)濟(jì)與更大的伙伴國(guó)綁定。丹麥成為主要的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)國(guó)，并幫助推動(dòng)了英國(guó)的工業(yè)革命（在工業(yè)革命的初期，英國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)急劇下降）；瑞典則是德國(guó)工業(yè)化進(jìn)程中的主要鐵礦石來(lái)源。因此，他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)從歐洲巨頭的工業(yè)化帶來(lái)的巨大增長(zhǎng)中受益。而在過(guò)去100年中，較大的帝國(guó)主義國(guó)家面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家則避開(kāi)了這些問(wèn)題并從中獲益。

So I disagree the CAUSES for the wealth in the Scandinavian countries are their institutions, the ease of doing business, and all those things, these are rather the CONSEQUENCES of their success (eg. South Korea was far from a democratic heaven, but it nevertheless experienced arguably the most impressive growth in recent history). If you look at the causes, yes natural resources are an important reason, yes they remaining neutral in WWI and Sweden also in WWII is a very important reason, but I think the way they used the growth of Germany and the UK to their own advantage is the main reason for their successes. Religion is a cause? Perhaps in the way it fostered a very early high literacy rate, but as a whole perhaps not so much. While I'm not an expert in Scandinavian Lutheranism, it must be said that the form of Christianity which Max Weber said is most close to the 'Spirit of Capitalism' is not the Lutheran Church, but the Calvinist churches influential in the cradles of modern capitalism: England, USA and the Netherlands.

所以我不同意斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家財(cái)富的原因在于他們的制度、商業(yè)便利性等因素，這些實(shí)際上是他們成功的后果（例如，韓國(guó)遠(yuǎn)非民主天堂，但它卻經(jīng)歷了近代歷史上最令人印象深刻的增長(zhǎng)）。如果你看看原因，自然資源確實(shí)是一個(gè)重要原因，他們?cè)诘谝淮问澜绱髴?zhàn)中保持中立，瑞典在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中也保持中立，這也是一個(gè)非常重要的原因，但我認(rèn)為他們利用德國(guó)和英國(guó)的增長(zhǎng)為自己謀利的方式是他們成功的主要原因。宗教是一個(gè)原因嗎？也許在它促進(jìn)了早期的高識(shí)字率方面，但整體而言可能并不那么重要。雖然我不是斯堪的納維亞路德教的專(zhuān)家，但必須說(shuō)，馬克斯·韋伯所說(shuō)的最接近“資本主義精神”的基督教形式不是路德教會(huì)，而是在現(xiàn)代資本主義發(fā)源地：英國(guó)、美國(guó)和荷蘭有影響力的加爾文教會(huì)。

I'm not a specialist in neither Economics or History of Scandinavia. BUt I'd like to add these remarks. They benefited from historical and geographical conditions no other country had (eg. you can't compare Portugal to Denmark, or Greece to Finland).

我不是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)或斯堪的納維亞歷史的專(zhuān)家。但我想補(bǔ)充這些觀(guān)點(diǎn)。他們受益于其他任何國(guó)家都沒(méi)有的歷史和地理?xiàng)l件（例如，你不能將葡萄牙與丹麥，或希臘與芬蘭進(jìn)行比較）。

A few reasons:

幾個(gè)原因：

They were not enslaved during the age of colonialism and did not have their borders randomly redrawn.

他們?cè)谥趁駮r(shí)代沒(méi)有被奴役，也沒(méi)有被隨意重新劃定邊界。
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They established democracy, equality for the law and trusted public institutions early on. The benefits of these are cumulative over time.

他們?cè)缙诮⒘嗣裰?、法律平等和可信的公共機(jī)構(gòu)。這些好處隨著時(shí)間的推移是累積的。

They haven't been at war with each other for about 200 years. Norway and Denmark were occupied by Germany from 1940 to 1945, but for the most part the Nordic countries have enjoyed peace, a strong predictor of prosperity.

他們已經(jīng)有大約200年沒(méi)有互相交戰(zhàn)了。挪威和丹麥在1940年至1945年間被德國(guó)占領(lǐng)，但大多數(shù)時(shí)候，北歐國(guó)家都享有和平，這是繁榮的有力預(yù)測(cè)因素。
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They haven't been part of the com...st experiment.

他們并未參與GCZY的實(shí)驗(yàn)。

5) Ethnic homogeneity (in addition to the democratic institutions) promotes trust, which reduces transaction costs.

5) 民族同質(zhì)性（除了民主制度外）促進(jìn)了信任，從而降低了交易成本。

Protestantism encouraged widespread literacy and was less condemning of material wealth than many religions. These attitudes have survived the decline of religion.

新教鼓勵(lì)廣泛的識(shí)字率，并且對(duì)物質(zhì)財(cái)富的譴責(zé)不如許多宗教那樣嚴(yán)厲。這些態(tài)度在宗教衰落之后仍然存在。

Norway's abundant energy resources have given it a phenomenal economic growth in this age of rampant energy use. Many Norwegians shop in Sweden and to a lesser degree Denmark, and many workers from other Nordic countries work in Norway when the labor market is weak in their homeland.

挪威豐富的能源資源在這個(gè)能源使用猖獗的時(shí)代為其帶來(lái)了驚人的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。許多挪威人在瑞典購(gòu)物，在較小程度上也在丹麥購(gòu)物，當(dāng)其他北歐國(guó)家的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)疲軟時(shí)，許多來(lái)自這些國(guó)家的工人在挪威工作。

A small population makes it easier to reach agreement on important issues, and political changes take less time. There are a number of small, rich nations outside Scandinavia too.

人口較少使得在重要問(wèn)題上達(dá)成一致變得更容易，政治變革所需的時(shí)間也更少。在斯堪的納維亞之外，也有許多小而富裕的國(guó)家。

Taxes

稅收

It is not that Scandinavian/Nordic countries are incredibly wealthy in themselves (although natural resources do help). The key factor is that the wealth is pretty evenly distributed. Companies and individuals pay high taxes, around 50 % of their income. Plus VAT, plus several other indirect taxes, on fuel, alcohol, gambling, tobacco and everything else. The taxation level in the nordic countries is probably the highest anywhere in the world.

并不是說(shuō)斯堪的納維亞/北歐國(guó)家本身非常富有（盡管自然資源確實(shí)有所幫助）。關(guān)鍵因素是財(cái)富分配相當(dāng)均勻。公司和個(gè)人支付高額稅款，大約占其收入的50%。再加上增值稅，以及其他幾種間接稅，如燃料、酒精、賭博、煙草等。北歐國(guó)家的稅收水平可能是世界上最高的。

But still - people here (I live in Norway) seems to manage pretty well!

但這里的人們（我住在挪威）似乎過(guò)得相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)！

The reason is that the taxes are an effective means to distribute wealth. While there a very few super-rich scandinavians (although there are a few!), most of the population is all middle class. And the middle class is thriving.

原因是稅收是分配財(cái)富的有效手段。雖然斯堪的納維亞的超級(jí)富豪非常少（盡管確實(shí)有一些?。?，但大多數(shù)人口都是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。而且中產(chǎn)階級(jí)正在蓬勃發(fā)展。

Tax income goes to public scools, health care and other public works. So everybody can "afford" the same level of health care and education. There's nine months of fully paid maternity leave (and an additional three full months for dads!), plus subsidized day care - so the population growth is stable, "everybody" (in the middle class) works, and stay-at-home moms are very rare. Pretty much everybody gets a good education, because education is, after all, basically free. So it is a good circle, a "spiral of prosperity". For the majority, at least.

稅收收入用于公立學(xué)校、醫(yī)療保健和其他公共工程。因此，每個(gè)人都能“負(fù)擔(dān)”相同水平的醫(yī)療保健和教育。有九個(gè)月的完全帶薪產(chǎn)假（父親還有額外的三個(gè)月完全帶薪假期！），再加上補(bǔ)貼的日托服務(wù)——因此人口增長(zhǎng)穩(wěn)定，“每個(gè)人”（在中產(chǎn)階級(jí)中）都工作，全職媽媽非常罕見(jiàn)。幾乎每個(gè)人都能獲得良好的教育，因?yàn)榻逃旧鲜敲赓M(fèi)的。所以這是一個(gè)良性循環(huán)，一個(gè)“繁榮的螺旋”。至少對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)是這樣。

Good luck trying to replicate this in other countries, though.

不過(guò)，祝你好運(yùn)在其他國(guó)家復(fù)制這個(gè)。

So the perceived weath is caused by the even distribution of wealth though "democratic taxes", which in turn (in my opinion) is a consequence of the Nordic brand of social democracy.

因此，感知到的財(cái)富是通過(guò)“民主稅收”實(shí)現(xiàn)財(cái)富的均勻分配所導(dǎo)致的，而這（在我看來(lái)）又是北歐社會(huì)民主主義品牌的結(jié)果。

Why social democracy took such a strong root in the Nordics is a question for another day, but I would assume that the backlash against everything slightly 'right wing' following WW2 is a major factor.

為什么社會(huì)民主主義在北歐國(guó)家如此根深蒂固是另一個(gè)問(wèn)題，但我認(rèn)為二戰(zhàn)之后對(duì)一切稍微‘右翼’事物的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)是一個(gè)主要因素。

Low corruption. If you look at the world corruption index, the Scandinavian countries are among the least corrupt in the world. This means resources are directed to their true purpose instead of corrupt politicians and corporate employees private pockets.

腐敗程度低。如果你查看世界腐敗指數(shù)，斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家是世界上最不腐敗的國(guó)家之一。這意味著資源被用于其真正的目的，而不是被腐敗的政客和企業(yè)員工中飽私囊。

Least corrupt countries in the world

世界上最清廉的國(guó)家

Denmark

丹麥

Finland & Sweden

芬蘭與瑞典
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5. Norway

挪威

How corrupt is your country?

你的國(guó)家有多腐??？

Gender equality by inclusion of women in the workforce. Other countries loose up to 50% of their skilled work force by not letting women work.

通過(guò)讓女性加入勞動(dòng)力隊(duì)伍實(shí)現(xiàn)性別平等。其他國(guó)家由于不讓女性工作，可能失去高達(dá)50%的熟練勞動(dòng)力。
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Free education for everyone from basic education to higher education.

從基礎(chǔ)教育到高等教育的全民免費(fèi)教育。

Government subsidized social health care and medicines meaning the work force stays healthy. Otherwise human capital is wasted by being sick and unproductive.

政府補(bǔ)貼的社會(huì)醫(yī)療和藥品意味著勞動(dòng)力保持健康。否則，人力資本會(huì)因生病和低效而被浪費(fèi)。

Then there is some religious background protestant work ethics which some says comes from Cistercian monks. Basically it means being honest, working hard, saving and reinvesting the profits.

然后有一些宗教背景的新教工作倫理，有些人說(shuō)這來(lái)自于西多會(huì)修士。基本上，這意味著誠(chéng)實(shí)、努力工作、儲(chǔ)蓄和再投資利潤(rùn)。

It's easy:

這很簡(jiǎn)單：

The Finns design it;

芬蘭人設(shè)計(jì)它；

The Swedes manufacture it;

瑞典人制造它；
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The Danes market it; and

丹麥人銷(xiāo)售它；

The Norwegians buy it ;)

挪威人買(mǎi)了它 ;)

No need to read anything else below - this fluff is just here to avoid this answer from getting automatically collapsed by Quora. But while I'm at it, take a moment to look at the collapsed answers once in a while - lots are nice and succinct, and many more are pretty freaking funny.

無(wú)需閱讀下面的任何內(nèi)容——這些廢話(huà)只是為了避免這個(gè)答案被Quora自動(dòng)折疊。但既然我在這里，不妨偶爾看看那些被折疊的答案——很多都很簡(jiǎn)潔明了，還有很多非常有趣。

I hope the Quora collapse bot is satisfied!

我希望Quora崩潰機(jī)器人滿(mǎn)意了！

Christopher Comella
A big part of your question depends on the definition of "rich" that you'd like to use. The other question is, compared to what or whom? Regardless of the definitions, a good part of any country's relative "richness" or poorness has to do with geography, specifically things like ease of access to trading routes, especially water-based ones, such as the sea (ports) and navigable rivers. That is kind of a root factor. Scandinavian countries have this kind of access. Even if the importance is diminished relative to other things, the results of the value, trading, and people, is a factor in the "richness" we see today.

你問(wèn)題的一個(gè)重要部分取決于你想使用的“富有”的定義。另一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，與什么或誰(shuí)相比？無(wú)論定義如何，任何國(guó)家的相對(duì)“富有”或貧窮在很大程度上與地理有關(guān)，特別是像易于進(jìn)入貿(mào)易路線(xiàn)，尤其是基于水的路線(xiàn)，如海洋（港口）和可航行的河流。這是一個(gè)根本因素。斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家有這種條件。即使相對(duì)于其他事物的重要性有所減弱，價(jià)值、貿(mào)易和人民的結(jié)果也是我們今天看到的“富有”的一個(gè)因素。

Regarding natural resources, they have some of that, too. Especially Norway and its oil.

關(guān)于自然資源，他們也有一些。尤其是挪威和它的石油。

They also don't spend as much on military. In fact, according to this Wikipedia page List of countries by military expenditures Iceland spends a lower percentage of its GDP on military than any other country listed. Other Scandinavian countries spend little, too. The US, by contract, fancies itself as world police.

他們?cè)谲娛律系幕ㄙM(fèi)也不多。事實(shí)上，根據(jù)維基百科頁(yè)面《各國(guó)軍事開(kāi)支列表》，冰島在軍事上的GDP占比低于列表中的任何其他國(guó)家。其他斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家的軍事開(kāi)支也很少。相比之下，美國(guó)自詡為世界警察。
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There is also the matter of crony capitalism, which is destroying the richness of countries such as the USA from the inside out, due to greed and corruption, and the resulting ever-growing inequality in education, income, assets, mobility, crime, punishment, and just about everything.

還有裙帶資本主義的問(wèn)題，由于貪婪和腐敗，它正從內(nèi)部摧毀像美國(guó)這樣的國(guó)家的財(cái)富，導(dǎo)致教育、收入、資產(chǎn)、流動(dòng)性、犯罪、懲罰以及幾乎所有方面的不平等日益加劇。

Scandinavian countries have socialism for the people. The US has socialism for the rich (bailouts for the richest, debt for everyone else).

斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家為人民提供社會(huì)主義。美國(guó)為富人提供社會(huì)主義（為最富有的人提供救助，為其他人提供債務(wù)）。

James McInnes
If you define 'rich' in terms of per-capita GDP, then the Scandinavian countries are generally on par with the rest of Europe - with the exception of Norway that has a very large amount of oil reserves and a relatively small population.

如果你以人均GDP來(lái)定義“富裕”，那么斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家通常與歐洲其他國(guó)家相當(dāng)——除了挪威，它擁有非常大量的石油儲(chǔ)備和相對(duì)較少的人口。

Compared to much of the rest of the world's countries, they are very wealthy, and this is mostly due to high productivity from good education, infrastructure, and industrialization, and low levels of systemic corruption - which is a general trend around the world.

與世界上許多其他國(guó)家相比，他們非常富有，這主要?dú)w功于良好的教育、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和工業(yè)化帶來(lái)的高生產(chǎn)率，以及低水平的系統(tǒng)性腐敗——這是全球的普遍趨勢(shì)。

While the Scandinavian countries are not especially rich, I think it's probably fair to say that they have an exceptionally high standard of living that would certainly give an impression that they are well off. This comes mostly from a low population density, high education, and a lot of investment in social infrastructure (socialized medicine, public education and continuing education, etc.).

雖然斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家并不特別富裕，但我覺(jué)得可以說(shuō)它們的生活水平非常高，這無(wú)疑會(huì)給人一種它們很富裕的印象。這主要來(lái)自于低人口密度、高教育水平以及對(duì)社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的大量投資（社會(huì)化醫(yī)療、公共教育和繼續(xù)教育等）。

Gwydion Madawc Williams
They rose along with the rest of Western Europe, a single process that was initiated in Italy and parts of what's now Germany.

他們與西歐其他國(guó)家一同崛起，這一過(guò)程始于意大利和現(xiàn)在的德國(guó)部分地區(qū)。
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They mostly kept out of war and colonialism. Sweden tried to be a Great Power, but dropped out early. Denmark had some small colonies and some involvement in the slave trade, but not much.

他們大多避開(kāi)了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和殖民主義。瑞典曾試圖成為大國(guó)，但早早退出了。丹麥有一些小殖民地，并參與了奴隸貿(mào)易，但程度不深。

They were only marginally involved in Europe's two World Wars, major destroyers of wealth.

他們只是略微參與了歐洲的兩次世界大戰(zhàn)，這兩次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是財(cái)富的主要破壞者。
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They have favoured welfare and kept limits on inequality, which turn out to work well.

他們傾向于福利政策并限制不平等，結(jié)果證明效果良好。

Kevin Eames
These countries are less unequal in their distribution of wealth than countries such as the UK and the USA. See the work of Pickett and Wilkinson on this, which has demonstrated (to their initial surprise) that more unequal countries do worse on a whole range of measures such as education, crime, health and social trust. The work of the psychiatrist Oliver James is also interesting in this respect. It's also interesting to compare how Norway and the UK used the money from North Sea Oil. In the UK, it was wasted on tax cuts and on maintaining a high level of unemployment to break trades unx organisation; the Norwegian government seems (as far as I understand) to have invested much of the windfall in a sovereign wealth fund, for the benefit of the whole country.

這些國(guó)家在財(cái)富分配方面比英國(guó)和美國(guó)等國(guó)家更加平等。請(qǐng)參閱皮克特和威爾金森的研究，他們最初驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，不平等程度更高的國(guó)家在教育、犯罪、健康和社會(huì)信任等一系列指標(biāo)上表現(xiàn)更差。精神病學(xué)家?jiàn)W利弗·詹姆斯的研究在這方面也很有趣。此外，比較挪威和英國(guó)如何使用北海石油的資金也很有趣。在英國(guó)，這些資金被浪費(fèi)在減稅和維持高失業(yè)率以削弱工會(huì)組織上；而據(jù)我所知，挪威政府似乎將大部分意外之財(cái)投資于主權(quán)財(cái)富基金，以造福整個(gè)國(guó)家。

James Rae Smith
Well why shouldn't the Scandinavian economies be successful?

那么為什么斯堪的納維亞的經(jīng)濟(jì)不應(yīng)該成功呢？

I suppose the motive behind this question is that it has become accepted in the US and to a lesser extent here in the UK, that the argument made by conservatives, and constantly reinforced by sensational stories in the right wing press is correct, and that the only way to have a vibrant entrepreneurial and successful economy is though low taxes, and that welfare saps ambition and produces an apathetic lazy dependent population. Social division, and the weak going to the wall are just an unfortunate price we have to pay for the greater happiness and prosperity of the rest of us.

我認(rèn)為提出這個(gè)問(wèn)題的動(dòng)機(jī)是，在美國(guó)以及某種程度上在英國(guó)，保守派提出的論點(diǎn)已經(jīng)被接受，并且被右翼媒體不斷強(qiáng)化的聳人聽(tīng)聞的故事所證實(shí)，即唯一擁有充滿(mǎn)活力和成功經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式是通過(guò)低稅收，而福利則削弱了雄心，產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)冷漠、懶惰和依賴(lài)的群體。社會(huì)分裂和弱者被淘汰只是我們?yōu)榇蠖鄶?shù)人更大的幸福和繁榮所必須付出的不幸代價(jià)。

Happily the success of the Scandinavian economies show this argument up for the nonsense that it is.

令人高興的是，斯堪的納維亞經(jīng)濟(jì)的成功證明了這一論點(diǎn)是荒謬的。

Rune Gregers Meyer
When it comes to Denmark, Investment in human capital plays a major rule. In 1864 Denmark went though a huge Transformation, N.F.S. Grundtvig introduced the folkhigh schools (informal adult College system). Despite teaching ordinary people to read and write, they learned to work together (cooperations) regardless of formal status. This means that Denmark has a very flat organizational structure in most companies and organizational. The flat hierarchy strongly support innovation (great idea that creates value and is implemented) and this is one of the important elements why Denmark is rich. The social welfare also plays an important role.

談到丹麥，人力資本投資起著主要作用。1864年，丹麥經(jīng)歷了一次巨大的變革，N.F.S. Grundtvig引入了民間高中（非正式的成人大學(xué)系統(tǒng)）。盡管教授普通人讀寫(xiě)，他們還學(xué)會(huì)了無(wú)論正式身份如何一起工作（合作）。這意味著丹麥在大多數(shù)公司和組織中擁有非常扁平的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。這種扁平層級(jí)強(qiáng)烈支持創(chuàng)新（創(chuàng)造價(jià)值并被實(shí)施的偉大想法），這是丹麥富裕的重要原因之一。社會(huì)福利也扮演著重要角色。

Lasse B?yum
Why not try the simplest? Most often the simple works: Save for a rainy day!

為什么不試試最簡(jiǎn)單的？通常簡(jiǎn)單的方法最有效：未雨綢繆！

Living up in the cold north, it is well known that one has to plan and save to survive. Scandinavia and the Alps have got long, cold winters. For generations the inhabitants have learned how important it is to put aside some in case something happens.

生活在寒冷的北方，眾所周知，人們必須計(jì)劃并儲(chǔ)蓄以生存。斯堪的納維亞和阿爾卑斯地區(qū)有著漫長(zhǎng)而寒冷的冬季。幾代人以來(lái)，居民們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了在意外發(fā)生時(shí)儲(chǔ)備一些東西的重要性。
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I think even Martin Luther implemented this kind of thinking as a basis for the Reformation.

我認(rèn)為甚至馬丁·路德也以這種思想作為宗教改革的基礎(chǔ)。

In Norway the culture is highly influenced by a pietistic movement that started by Layman's preachers around 1800. The most famous of them all is Hans Nielsen Hauge. I don't know to what degree pietistic movements have influenced other countries, but I have read that one of the most important characteristics for understanding Norway is this phenomenon.

在挪威，文化深受1800年左右由平信徒傳教士發(fā)起的虔誠(chéng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響。其中最著名的是漢斯·尼爾森·豪格。我不知道虔誠(chéng)運(yùn)動(dòng)在多大程度上影響了其他國(guó)家，但我讀到過(guò)，理解挪威最重要的特征之一就是這一現(xiàn)象。

Basheir Hashim
Key factors include:

關(guān)鍵因素包括：

Homogeneity of their populace, which was extremely conducive to ensuring political stability for centuries and safeguarded those countries against social unrest. One could refer to them collectively as a flourishing progressive culture.

他們?nèi)丝诘耐|(zhì)性，這在幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)對(duì)確保政治穩(wěn)定極為有利，并保護(hù)這些國(guó)家免受社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩的影響。人們可以統(tǒng)稱(chēng)他們?yōu)榉睒s的進(jìn)步文化。

Abundance of natural resources. Norway was, until recently, a major oil exporter.

豐富的自然資源。挪威直到最近還是一個(gè)主要的石油出口國(guó)。

Welfare states ensuring that basic necessities like education and healthcare are available for free.

福利國(guó)家確保教育和醫(yī)療等基本必需品免費(fèi)提供。

Being part of the larger European zone, which is a relatively more advanced and richer than other economic blocks.

作為更大的歐洲區(qū)域的一部分，該區(qū)域相對(duì)其他經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)塊更為先進(jìn)和富裕。

Michael Bach
a large part of Denmark's success is because there has been created a society where trust in the government and financial security is a high priority.

丹麥成功的一個(gè)重要原因是建立了一個(gè)社會(huì)，在這個(gè)社會(huì)中，對(duì)政府的信任和財(cái)務(wù)安全被高度重視。
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Given that education is free, the population is also well-educated, which means that the worst political demagogues have failed to create a foothold. Tea Party movement would never win the same ground in Scandinavia as in U.S.

鑒于教育是免費(fèi)的，人口也受過(guò)良好教育，這意味著最糟糕的政治煽動(dòng)者未能站穩(wěn)腳跟。茶黨運(yùn)動(dòng)在斯堪的納維亞永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)像在美國(guó)那樣贏(yíng)得同樣的支持。

In addition, The Nordic countries was among the best to use it-technology in the development of the welfare society. We were some of the first in the world to use CPR-Numbres (Civil Registration System), tax deducted at source, Dankort (danish debit card) , mobile etc.

此外，北歐國(guó)家在利用信息技術(shù)發(fā)展福利社會(huì)方面處于領(lǐng)先地位。我們是世界上最早使用公民登記號(hào)碼（CPR-Numbers）、源頭扣稅、丹麥借記卡（Dankort）和移動(dòng)技術(shù)等的國(guó)家之一。
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Scandinavian/Nordic countries climbed the ladder with very different paths. The only thing that is common is the small population & universal education.

斯堪的納維亞/北歐國(guó)家通過(guò)截然不同的路徑攀升。唯一共同點(diǎn)是小人口和普及教育。

Like Switzerland, Sweden was able to preserve its neutrality during both the world wars and had a dramatic peace dividend. In the post-war growth, Sweden gained an upper hand with its intact production and labor.

與瑞士一樣，瑞典在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)期間都保持了中立，并獲得了顯著的和平紅利。在戰(zhàn)后的增長(zhǎng)中，瑞典憑借其完整的生產(chǎn)和勞動(dòng)力占據(jù)了優(yōu)勢(shì)。

From War to the Swedish Model

從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)到瑞典模式
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Norway

挪威
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Norway is the Saudi Arabia of Europe. Its population that could fit in a New York Borough or a Tokyo suburb, is blessed with an enormous oil reserve. Just like other small oil republics such as Kuwait, Brunei and UAE, Norway is able to provide high welfare levels to its citizens. Mix Hard working population + abundant resources and you get a recipe for high growth.

挪威是歐洲的沙特阿拉伯。其人口可以容納在紐約的一個(gè)區(qū)或東京的一個(gè)郊區(qū)，卻擁有巨大的石油儲(chǔ)備。就像科威特、文萊和阿聯(lián)酋等其他小型石油共和國(guó)一樣，挪威能夠?yàn)槠涔裉峁└吒＠?。勤奮的人口加上豐富的資源，這就是高增長(zhǎng)的秘訣。

During the time of great depression it escaped a lot of harm by ditching the gold standard quite soon (Keynes attributes to the long nature of depression in other countries due to the hard money standards). However, its biggest growth phase came post 1970s when oil prices shot substantially.

在大蕭條時(shí)期，它通過(guò)很快放棄金本位制避免了很多損害（凱恩斯認(rèn)為其他國(guó)家由于硬貨幣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而導(dǎo)致蕭條持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)）。然而，它最大的增長(zhǎng)階段是在20世紀(jì)70年代之后，當(dāng)時(shí)油價(jià)大幅上漲。

The Economic History of Norway

挪威的經(jīng)濟(jì)史

Finland

芬蘭

Unlike its other Nordic neighbors, Finland was an economic backwater until a couple of decades ago. Since then its investments in electronics & heavy industries paid off. Nokia, Rovio Mobile (makers of Angry Birds) and KONE elevators call Finland their home.

與其它北歐鄰國(guó)不同，芬蘭直到幾十年前還是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)落后的地方。自那以后，它在電子和重工業(yè)方面的投資取得了回報(bào)。諾基亞、Rovio Mobile（《憤怒的小鳥(niǎo)》的制造商）和通力電梯都來(lái)自芬蘭。

Like Israel, Finland has a small and a well-knit population of well educated people. This strength enabled it to grow strong in the service & the information revolution since the 1980s.

與以色列一樣，芬蘭擁有一個(gè)規(guī)模雖小但緊密團(tuán)結(jié)且受過(guò)良好教育的人口。這一優(yōu)勢(shì)使其自20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)在服務(wù)和信息革命中得以強(qiáng)大發(fā)展。
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Finland: A Success Story?

芬蘭：一個(gè)成功的故事？

Denmark:

丹麥：

Unlike the other Nordic countries, Denmark has been a rich country for centuries. It was a major colonial power and its proximity to Netherlands & Britain helped the ideas move there quite quickly. Like Sweden, it stayed neutral during the wars and some of the damage was averted. Although it was occupied by Germany in WW-II, there was not too much of the destruction.

與其他北歐國(guó)家不同，丹麥幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)一直是一個(gè)富裕的國(guó)家。它曾是一個(gè)主要的殖民強(qiáng)國(guó)，其靠近荷蘭和英國(guó)的地理位置幫助思想迅速傳播到那里。與瑞典一樣，它在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間保持中立，從而避免了一些破壞。盡管在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間被德國(guó)占領(lǐng)，但并沒(méi)有遭受太多的破壞。

Stephen Kumar
Each of the four Scandinavian countries are different, and I think I'll explain each one separately. It is a common misconception to think that all four countries got wealthy the same way, and that's not true, but what's true is that their current post-wealthy policies are pretty similar.

每個(gè)斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家都是不同的，我認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該分別解釋每個(gè)國(guó)家。一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的誤解是認(rèn)為這四個(gè)國(guó)家以相同的方式變得富裕，但事實(shí)并非如此，然而真實(shí)的是，他們當(dāng)前的富裕后政策非常相似。
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Norway:

挪威：

Norway has "extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, fresh water and hydro-power". Norway was a normal country (as were most Scandinavian countries) until the Philips Petroleum Company discovered oil offshore, and today oil accounts for a quarter of Norway's GDP. It is also to be noted that Norway would have probably been a pretty rich country without oil, noting that the number of workers in industry peaked in 1975, just after the discovery of oil.

挪威擁有“豐富的石油、天然氣、礦產(chǎn)、木材、海產(chǎn)品、淡水和水利資源”。在菲利普斯石油公司發(fā)現(xiàn)海上石油之前，挪威是一個(gè)普通的國(guó)家（大多數(shù)斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家也是如此），而如今石油占挪威國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的四分之一。還值得注意的是，即使沒(méi)有石油，挪威很可能仍然是一個(gè)相當(dāng)富裕的國(guó)家，因?yàn)楣I(yè)工人數(shù)量在1975年達(dá)到頂峰，恰好在石油發(fā)現(xiàn)之后。

Sweden

瑞典

Sweden started developing its industries from an agrarian society and had become an industrialised country by WWII. A com...st revolution had been avoided in 1917 and Sweden became a parliamentary democracy. After the war, Sweden took advantage of its prior industrialization and joined the OECD and the Marshall Plan. It attracted big companies and slowly became richer until the sector transferred from secondary industries to tertiary industries. However, Sweden suffered from economic crisis and decline in the late 80s and early 90s. It joined the EU and its economy today has been boosted by migrant workers. Sweden is not successful that much economically, but it has been great at treating its citizens apparently.

瑞典從一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)開(kāi)始發(fā)展其工業(yè)，并在二戰(zhàn)前成為一個(gè)工業(yè)化國(guó)家。1917年避免了GCZY革命，瑞典成為一個(gè)議會(huì)民主制國(guó)家。戰(zhàn)后，瑞典利用其先前的工業(yè)化優(yōu)勢(shì)，加入了經(jīng)合組織和馬歇爾計(jì)劃。它吸引了大公司，并逐漸變得更加富有，直到從第二產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向第三產(chǎn)業(yè)。然而，瑞典在80年代末和90年代初遭受了經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)和衰退。它加入了歐盟，如今其經(jīng)濟(jì)因移民工人而得到提振。瑞典在經(jīng)濟(jì)上并不那么成功，但在對(duì)待其公民方面顯然做得很好。

斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家為什么如此富有？

斯堪的納維亞國(guó)家為什么如此富有？