為什么印度理工學(xué)院（IIT）擁有全球最難的入學(xué)考試，卻在世界排名中落后，而中國(guó)的北大、清華等高校卻始終名列前茅？中印兩國(guó)頂尖大學(xué)的普通學(xué)生之間究竟有何差異？

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam
Firstly - These “World Rankings”
首先 - 這些“世界排名”

What is the Criteria
評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么？

Do these “World Ranking Authorities” sit in these Universities, uate teaching Programs, talk to thousands of students???
這些“世界排名權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)”是否坐在這些大學(xué)里，評(píng)估教學(xué)項(xiàng)目，與成千上萬(wàn)的學(xué)生交談？？？

No right?
沒有，對(duì)吧？

Likewise there is no Global standard for comparing Graduate Employability right?
同樣地，也沒有一個(gè)全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來比較畢業(yè)生就業(yè)能力，對(duì)吧？

And there is no Standard All Global Exam held for all Universities right?
也沒有一個(gè)面向所有大學(xué)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)全球統(tǒng)考，對(duì)吧？

From my understanding - most of these rankings are based on Research, Research and Research
據(jù)我所知——這些排名大多基于研究、研究、還是研究。

How can IIT hope to compete in funding with Giants like MIT or Stanford who have thousands of Huge Corporates funding Billions of Dollars of Research ? They get more funding in a single ‘Fall’ than all IITs put together get in 5 years.
印度理工學(xué)院（IIT）怎么可能在資金上與麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT）或斯坦福這樣的巨頭競(jìng)爭(zhēng)？后者有成千上萬(wàn)家大企業(yè)為其提供數(shù)十億美元的研究資金。他們一個(gè)秋季學(xué)期獲得的資金就超過了所有IIT加起來五年獲得的資金。

How can IIT hope to compete in funding with Chinese Universities when their Government has Billions and Billions of Dollars to spend on research?
當(dāng)中國(guó)政府有數(shù)百億、數(shù)千億美元用于研究時(shí)，IIT怎么可能在資金上與中國(guó)大學(xué)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)？

More Money = More Research = More Pioneering Studies = More Breakthroughs
更多資金 = 更多研究 = 更多開創(chuàng)性研究 = 更多突破

Less Money = Less Research or More ‘Rip off’ Research = Less Breakthroughs
更少資金 = 更少研究或更多“山寨”研究 = 更少突破

So the rankings are a reflection of our Country India than our IITian Students
因此，這些排名反映的是我們的國(guó)家印度，而不是我們的IIT學(xué)生。

Secondly - IITs simply dont have the ability to deliver pathbreaking research due to the Attitude of IITians
其次 - 由于IIT學(xué)生的態(tài)度，IIT根本沒有能力產(chǎn)出開創(chuàng)性的研究。

How many IITians want to settle down and do research?
有多少IIT學(xué)生愿意靜下心來做研究？

Many Chinese do. Many Japanese do. Many Americans do.
很多中國(guó)人愿意。很多日本人愿意。很多美國(guó)人愿意。

IItians would rather become Fancy CEOs and Sanction Casual Leave!!!
IIT學(xué)生更愿意成為光鮮的CEO和批事假條的人！?。?br />

(Sorry Nadella is not included among the “Casual Leave Sanctioning CEOs” and nor is he an IITian - this Image included him)
（抱歉，納德拉不屬于“批事假條的CEO”之列，他也不是IIT畢業(yè)生 - 這張圖片把他包括進(jìn)來了）

Thirdly - Cesspit Democracy
第三 - 糞坑民主

In China they identify the Cream of the Cream from early ages, cultivate them, make them experts , fund their education and in short invest in them
在中國(guó)，他們從小識(shí)別頂尖人才，培養(yǎng)他們，使他們成為專家，資助他們的教育，簡(jiǎn)言之就是投資他們。

In India- ZILCH, ZIP
在印度——零投入，分文沒有。

Students have to fund their own education, coaching classes and Government only takes Press Photographs after a Ranker gets his rank.
學(xué)生必須自己負(fù)擔(dān)教育和補(bǔ)習(xí)班的費(fèi)用，政府只會(huì)在排名靠前者取得名次后拍新聞?wù)掌?br />
Instead you have Inferior Students placed in Superior positions due to Reservations where unless you are poor or Grandma was treated badly due to her “Caste”, you have no mettle
相反，由于保留政策，一些能力不足的學(xué)生卻占據(jù)了優(yōu)勢(shì)位置——除非你出身貧困，或者你的祖母曾因"種姓"遭受不公待遇，否則你就被認(rèn)為缺乏資格。

So the Country is the Problem
所以問題出在國(guó)家。

The Students are Victims because the Country is Still Fourth Rate
學(xué)生是受害者，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)國(guó)家仍是四流的。

The Country is Fourthrate because Leaders worry about short term and staying in power
國(guó)家之所以是四流的，是因?yàn)轭I(lǐng)導(dǎo)人擔(dān)心短期利益和保住權(quán)力。

Leaders care about staying in power due to Elections every five years clouding everything else and would stick to building latrines or building new IITs rather than quadruple the endowments and grants for existing ones
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人關(guān)心保住權(quán)力，因?yàn)槊课迥暌淮蔚倪x舉使其他一切蒙上陰影，他們寧愿堅(jiān)持修建廁所或新建IIT，也不愿將現(xiàn)有IIT的捐贈(zèng)基金和撥款翻上四倍。

In Short
簡(jiǎn)而言之

When the Unworthy form the Majority of the Voting Block - Its CESSPIT DEMOCRACY 101
當(dāng)無(wú)能之輩構(gòu)成了投票主體的大多數(shù)時(shí)——這就是糞坑民主101（基礎(chǔ)課）。


Manthan Varma
Because we Indians want salary, not knowledge.
因?yàn)槲覀冇《热讼胍氖切剿?，而不是知識(shí)。

Because our ministers are focusing on elections, not on developing institutes.
因?yàn)槲覀兊牟块L(zhǎng)們關(guān)注的是選舉，而不是發(fā)展學(xué)院。

Because 'Indian students want to get ahead of Sharmaji ka ladka’
因?yàn)橛《葘W(xué)生想要超過“隔壁老王家的兒子”。

Because Indian students prioritised placements more important than discovery or learning attitude.
因?yàn)橛《葘W(xué)生將工作安置看得比探索或?qū)W習(xí)態(tài)度更重要。

Because we Indians do study to get into IIT , not to be knowledgeable.
因?yàn)槲覀冇《热藢W(xué)習(xí)是為了進(jìn)入IIT，而不是為了增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)。

And the biggest one,
而最大的原因是，

Because of no population control. It's becoming hard to survive here. No one will be able to study to gain knowledge, we are studying just to get high packages. We can't do anything about this one. I mean we can do something about it, but who's gonna change the mindset of 1380 million?
因?yàn)闆]有人口控制。在這里生存變得越來越難。沒有人能夠?yàn)榱双@取知識(shí)而學(xué)習(xí)，我們學(xué)習(xí)只是為了拿到高薪。對(duì)此我們無(wú)能為力。我的意思是我們本可以做點(diǎn)什么，但誰(shuí)能改變13.8億人的心態(tài)呢？


Vansh Sethi
“The Parameter of Rankings” are the big reason for IITs not being in top 100.
“排名的參數(shù)”是IIT未能進(jìn)入前100名的重大原因。

See this line -
看這一行——

“IIT Bombay secured overall score of 71 out of 100. The Institute has scored 81.4 in academic reputation, 96 in employer reputation, 23 in citation per faculty, 44.7 in faculty student ratio, 100 in staff with Ph.D. 84.2 in papers per faculty, 78.5 international research network, 11.0 in international faculty, 4.4 in international students, 14.5 in inbound exchange and 8.3 in outbound exchange all scores out of a maximum of 100 points. “
“IIT孟買在QS亞洲排名中獲得總分71分（滿分100分）。該學(xué)院在學(xué)術(shù)聲譽(yù)方面得分81.4，雇主聲譽(yù)96，師均引用次數(shù)23，師生比44.7，擁有博士學(xué)位的教職員100分，師均論文數(shù)84.2，國(guó)際研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)78.5，國(guó)際教師比例11.0，國(guó)際學(xué)生比例4.4，入境交換生比例14.5，出境交換生比例8.3，所有分?jǐn)?shù)均基于滿分100分。”

The score is for QS Asia Rankings and in Asia IIT B ranks 42. Now let’s see how this Asia ranking can help us understand the problem on a larger scale.
這個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)是針對(duì)QS亞洲排名的，在亞洲范圍內(nèi)，IIT孟買排名第42位。現(xiàn)在讓我們看看這個(gè)亞洲排名如何幫助我們更廣泛地理解這個(gè)問題。

Parameter : Marks
Academic Reputation : 81.4
Employer Reputation : 96
Citation per faculty : 23
Faculty Student Ratio : 44.7
Staff with PhD : 100
Papers per faculty : 84.2
International Faculty : 11
International Students : 4.4
參數(shù) : 分?jǐn)?shù)
學(xué)術(shù)聲譽(yù) : 81.4
雇主聲譽(yù) : 96
師均引用次數(shù) : 23
師生比 : 44.7
擁有博士學(xué)位的教職員 : 100
師均論文數(shù) : 84.2
國(guó)際教師比例 : 11
國(guó)際學(xué)生比例 : 4.4

The three areas in which IITs are lacking is International student and faculty and citation per faculty.
IIT欠缺的三個(gè)方面是國(guó)際學(xué)生比例、國(guó)際教師比例和師均引用次數(shù)。

Now lets talk about the problem in each domain.
現(xiàn)在讓我們談?wù)劽總€(gè)領(lǐng)域的問題。

Citation Per Faculty: IITs are lacking in this regard it means very less other scientist/ researcher professor is making use of papers of IITs professor, but on the parameter papers per faculty IIT B have good score of 84.2. This shows they are writing enough papers but may be not on modern and relevant areas that’s why others are not citing them or the their paper is not of high quality. Or may be some other reason. The responsibility for working on this parameter lies with particular IITs.
師均引用次數(shù)：IIT在這方面欠缺，意味著其他科學(xué)家/研究員/教授很少引用IIT教授的論文，但在師均論文數(shù)這個(gè)參數(shù)上，IIT孟買得分很高，為84.2分。這表明他們發(fā)表的論文數(shù)量足夠，但可能并非在現(xiàn)代和相關(guān)領(lǐng)域，這就是為什么別人不引用他們的論文，或者他們的論文質(zhì)量不高?；蛘咭苍S是其他原因。改進(jìn)這個(gè)參數(shù)的責(zé)任在于各個(gè)IIT自身。

International Faculty : It’s really hard to bring international faculty to India. The salary of Assistant Professor is around 1L, which will be really low for international faculty coming from EU and America or other top countries.
國(guó)際教師比例：吸引國(guó)際教師來印度非常困難。助理教授的工資大約在10萬(wàn)盧比（約1L，指1 Lakh Rupees），對(duì)于來自歐盟、美國(guó)或其他頂尖國(guó)家的國(guó)際教師來說，這實(shí)在太低了。

International Students : Getting international student is hard, because not all students can prepare for JEE like Indians. We do have a DASA quota for international students but it’s very less. And to increase quota at UG level lies in the hand of MoE (GoI). It’s hard for IITs to do much in this. But IITs do have some flexibility in terms of admission of PG programmes like MTech and PhD. But the PG programmes of IITs are not well knowns like their bachelors. It will be hard for them to get PG students. Though GoI has taken initiative for Study in India.
國(guó)際學(xué)生比例：吸引國(guó)際學(xué)生很難，因?yàn)椴⒎撬袑W(xué)生都能像印度人一樣準(zhǔn)備JEE（印度理工學(xué)院聯(lián)合入學(xué)考試）。我們確實(shí)有針對(duì)國(guó)際學(xué)生的DASA（國(guó)際學(xué)生直接入學(xué)）配額，但非常少。增加本科（UG）階段的配額權(quán)在印度教育部（MoE (GoI)）手中。IIT在這方面很難有大的作為。但I(xiàn)IT在碩士（MTech）和博士（PhD）等研究生（PG）課程的招生上確實(shí)有一定的靈活性。然而，IIT的研究生課程不像它們的本科課程那樣知名。吸引研究生對(duì)他們來說會(huì)很困難。盡管印度政府已經(jīng)發(fā)起了“留學(xué)印度”的倡議。

To conclude, parameter of these ranking agencies make it hard for IITs to be in top 100 (overall category) but many programms of IITs are in top 100 in the world. For IITs, full autonomy and funding is still an issue if compared with other institutes. But the bachelor programm of IIT is still one of the real best in world.
總之，這些排名機(jī)構(gòu)的參數(shù)使得IIT很難進(jìn)入前100名（綜合類別），但I(xiàn)IT的許多專業(yè)課程在世界上名列前100。對(duì)于IIT而言，與其它機(jī)構(gòu)相比，充分的自主權(quán)和資金仍然是個(gè)問題。但I(xiàn)IT的本科課程仍然是世界上真正最好的之一。

For more, you can watch the interview of V Ramgopal Rao, Director of IIT Delhi
想了解更多，你可以觀看IIT德里主任V·拉姆戈帕爾·拉奧的訪談。


Aman Singh
India is still a developing country, IITs do not have the astronomical funding other foreign institutes have.
印度仍然是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，IIT沒有其他外國(guó)機(jī)構(gòu)擁有的巨額資金。

Seriously, Budget for top IIT, like IIT Bombay is around $500 million. While Institutes like Harvard have endowment of more than 50 billion dollars, yes that's 100 times more than, Harvard alone has 4 times more endowment than all IITs combined.
說真的，像IIT孟買這樣的頂尖IIT的預(yù)算大約在5億美元左右。而像哈佛這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)，捐贈(zèng)基金超過500億美元，是的，這是100倍之多，僅哈佛一家的捐贈(zèng)基金就比所有IIT加起來還要多4倍。

IITs are still very much affordable, than those in foreign.
與國(guó)外的院校相比，IIT的學(xué)費(fèi)仍然是非常低廉的。

India doesn't have the economical power like that of IVY Leagues and such research opportunities are less here.
印度沒有像常春藤聯(lián)盟那樣的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力，這里的研究機(jī)會(huì)也較少。

But still the premier Indian colleges create talents that lead the top companies, create unicorns, bring innovation and drive the world to a better future, albeit outside of India.
但盡管如此，印度頂尖的學(xué)院培養(yǎng)出領(lǐng)導(dǎo)頂級(jí)公司、創(chuàng)造獨(dú)角獸企業(yè)、帶來創(chuàng)新并推動(dòng)世界走向更美好未來的人才，盡管這些人往往在印度以外的地方發(fā)揮作用。

As for the talk of Chinese Unis, why don't you search about the political situation in China?? You'll know why the number are high.
至于談到中國(guó)大學(xué)，你為什么不查查中國(guó)的政治狀況呢？你就會(huì)明白為什么它們的數(shù)字那么高了。


Yogi Rappria
Because students go to IITs to get jobs not to innovate, learn, and use their skills to create a better future for the world.
因?yàn)閷W(xué)生去IIT是為了找工作，而不是為了創(chuàng)新、學(xué)習(xí)以及運(yùn)用他們的技能為世界創(chuàng)造更美好的未來。

IITs produce world-class employees, but the students at the top universities make world-class leaders, scientists, and innovators.
IIT培養(yǎng)出世界級(jí)的雇員，但頂尖大學(xué)的學(xué)生則成為世界級(jí)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者、科學(xué)家和創(chuàng)新者。

The mindsets of students attending these universities are entirely different. The admission test for IIT tests a person's aptitude, whereas the top universities give admission based on the strength of the character of a student.
就讀這些大學(xué)的學(xué)生心態(tài)完全不同。IIT的入學(xué)考試測(cè)試的是一個(gè)人的能力傾向（Aptitude），而頂尖大學(xué)則根據(jù)學(xué)生品格的強(qiáng)弱來錄取。


Rohan Kumar
To be honest iits are not universities they are technical institutions see if you see iit bombay rank in engineering and technology it is around 50–58 but if you see them in qs global university rankings they are at 150–200 . The reason is simple as of now iits has most courses on engineering and not on economics, pure sciences, quant finance etc .well things are changing and more domains like economics are being added but they are relatively not as prominent as old ones.
老實(shí)說，IIT不是綜合性大學(xué)（universities），它們是技術(shù)學(xué)院（technical institutions）。你看，如果你看IIT孟買在工程與技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的排名，大約是50-58位，但如果你看它們?cè)赒S全球大學(xué)排名（綜合排名），它們則在150-200位。原因很簡(jiǎn)單，目前IIT的課程主要集中在工程領(lǐng)域，而不是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、純科學(xué)、量化金融等。嗯，情況正在改變，像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)這樣的更多領(lǐng)域正在被添加，但它們相對(duì)不如老的工程領(lǐng)域那么突出。

The research curriculum is kind of weak as compared to universities of us singapore and china.
與美國(guó)、新加坡和中國(guó)的大學(xué)相比，其研究課程相對(duì)薄弱。

Also the quality of peer group is better at these campuses.
而且，這些（外國(guó)頂尖）校園里的同輩群體質(zhì)量也更好。


Vasu Eda
Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam and others make some good points on how research fundamentally drives the rankings. And, the majority of the research funding does come from the government sources in those countries.
坎薩瓦米·巴拉蘇布拉馬尼亞姆和其他人就研究如何從根本上驅(qū)動(dòng)排名提出了一些很好的觀點(diǎn)。而且，這些國(guó)家的大部分研究資金確實(shí)來自政府來源。

But, I believe it has nothing to do with the capabilities/attitudes/interests of India’s students or Indians in general. For example, many top research programs in the US have Indian leaders/faculty, post-docs, and PhD students. By blaming students or the society in general only negates the the strong point that needs to be made…the pressing need for more research funding in India. The buck stops here!
但是，我認(rèn)為這與印度學(xué)生或印度人的能力/態(tài)度/興趣毫無(wú)關(guān)系。例如，美國(guó)的許多頂尖研究項(xiàng)目都有印度人擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者/教職員工、博士后和博士生。指責(zé)學(xué)生或整個(gè)社會(huì)只會(huì)削弱需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)……即印度迫切需要更多的研究資金。責(zé)任止于此！

One of many is Arun Majumdar (IIT-Mumbai graduate with PhD from UC Berkeley), the inaugural Dean of the Doerr School of Sustainability at Stanford University. Let’s look at the research #s for IIT-Mumbai and UC Berkeley. UC Berkeley’s research budget in the fiscal year ending June 30, 2021:
眾多例子之一是阿倫·馬宗達(dá)（Arun Majumdar）（IIT孟買畢業(yè)生，加州大學(xué)伯克利分校博士），他是斯坦福大學(xué)多爾可持續(xù)發(fā)展學(xué)院的首任院長(zhǎng)。讓我們看看IIT孟買和加州大學(xué)伯克利分校的研究數(shù)據(jù)。加州大學(xué)伯克利分校在2021年6月30日結(jié)束的財(cái)年的研究預(yù)算：

Total $1.05 billion in new awards from external sources (?8,000 crore), compared to ?329 crore for research received by IIT-Mumbai in the year 2020–21.
來自外部來源的新獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)總額為10.5億美元（約合800億盧比），而IIT孟買在2020-21年度獲得的研究資金為32.9億盧比。

$605 million came from the US federal government funding sources; $118 million from state and other governments; $229 million from non-profit organizations; $63 million from industry; …
其中6.05億美元來自美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府資金來源；1.18億美元來自州政府和其他政府；2.29億美元來自非營(yíng)利組織；6300萬(wàn)美元來自工業(yè)界；…


Pranay Gupta
This is a harsh reality. Taking admission in any of the courses in an average American university is easier in comparison to taking admission in India. This is due to the population explosion due to the cheapness of the Indian government institutions. The Indian government is trying to make education affordable to all the citizens of India but the problem is that in this attempt they have reduced the fees in government institutions to such an extent that they are not able to give good infrastructure and facilities to its students.
這是一個(gè)殘酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)。進(jìn)入一所普通美國(guó)大學(xué)的任何課程學(xué)習(xí)，相比進(jìn)入印度（的頂尖院校如IIT）學(xué)習(xí)要容易得多。這是由于印度政府院校學(xué)費(fèi)低廉導(dǎo)致的人口爆炸（指競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈）。印度政府試圖讓所有公民都能負(fù)擔(dān)得起教育，但問題在于，在這一嘗試中，他們過度降低了政府院校的學(xué)費(fèi)，以至于這些院校無(wú)法為學(xué)生提供良好的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和設(shè)施。

Then why make it cheap? I think the government should increase the fees so that it can compete with the fees of colleges in the US and China and if somebody doesn’t have the money to study then they can go for a loan. This also increases money with the banks as the students will pay interests to banks which will add to the income of the country. But if the infrastructure would be developed then the child will be able to repay the loan easily.
那為什么要讓它便宜呢？我認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該提高學(xué)費(fèi)，使其能夠與美國(guó)和中國(guó)的大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，如果有人沒錢讀書，他們可以去貸款。這也會(huì)增加銀行的資金，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生將向銀行支付利息，這會(huì)增加國(guó)家收入。但如果基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施得到發(fā)展，那么孩子（學(xué)生）將能夠輕松償還貸款。

The second point is to remove reservations. MERIT should be the base for admission to colleges. Admissions should be given strictly based on the COMMON RANK LIST. There should be no reservation for any caste, creed, gender, or based on color. The defense Quota should also be removed.
第二點(diǎn)是取消預(yù)留配額（reservations）。成績(jī)（MERIT）應(yīng)該成為大學(xué)錄取的基礎(chǔ)。錄取應(yīng)嚴(yán)格基于統(tǒng)一的排名名單（COMMON RANK LIST）。不應(yīng)有任何基于種姓、信仰、性別或膚色的預(yù)留名額。國(guó)防配額（Defense Quota）也應(yīng)被取消。

Our constitution also believes in equality. Therefore this is my idea of equality. The country will start prospering the day all kinds of quotas are removed and only merit becomes the basis for admission.
我們的憲法也信奉平等。因此，這就是我對(duì)平等的理解。當(dāng)所有類型的配額都被取消，只有成績(jī)成為錄取基礎(chǔ)的那一天，國(guó)家才會(huì)開始繁榮。