大眾能否為電動時代重塑自我？

 
 
Profits are in a tight squeeze as the world's second largest carmaker battles with fierce competition in China, the billion euro cost of switching to electric vehicle production, a stagnant European economy, Donald Trump's tariff war and high labour costs in Germany. The FT's Frankfurt correspondent Patricia Nilsson looks at the unprecedented challenges facing Germany's leading industrial company, and what it means for the future of European manufacturing
 
在中國激烈的競爭、向電動汽車生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)型所需的十億歐元成本、歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的停滯、特朗普的關(guān)稅戰(zhàn)以及德國的高勞動力成本的壓力下，大眾的利潤處于嚴(yán)重壓縮中。英國《金融時報》法蘭克福記者帕特里夏·尼爾森（Patricia Nilsson）探討了德國領(lǐng)先的工業(yè)公司——大眾汽車所面臨的前所未有的挑戰(zhàn)，以及這對歐洲制造業(yè)未來的影響。
 
 
 
@Dynasty1818
EU is a continent of hatchback lovers, so why the flying F are EVERY manufacturer pushing SUV crap on us? Every new car is an SUV. Where the hell is VW's hatchback for less than 20k? Everyday cars? Not SUVs barely anyone wants. Notice how every EV car ad right now is for SUVs?
 
歐盟是一個掀背車愛好者的大陸，為什么每個制造商都要把這些垃圾SUV推給我們？每輛新車都是SUV。大眾的20k以下的掀背車在哪里？日常用車呢？我說的不是那些幾乎沒人想要的SUV。你注意到現(xiàn)在所有電動汽車廣告都是在推SUV嗎？
 
@nickgjarlis2690
Also if the costumers don’t want electric cars, why did EU slam tariffs to Chinese electric cars? Because they are scared of cheap electric cars imports
 
如果顧客不想要電動汽車，為什么歐盟要對中國電動汽車征收關(guān)稅？因為他們害怕廉價電動汽車的進(jìn)口。
 
@yurgurtha4757
Beacause custumers love their SUVs, easy. Also VW has cars for less then 20K several actually if you include Skoda + Cupra Seat.
Every EV car right now is SUV because thei can demand higher prices because cost more to produce, cheap non SUV evs are coming later. Where is the less then 30K Tesla i wonder? Why everyone demands different price standarts for VW then for Tesla lol, ah yeah Tesla has an Ipad instand of practical butons, i forgot lol.
 
因為顧客喜歡他們的SUV，很簡單。另外，如果你算上斯柯達(dá)和庫普拉·西特，大眾確實有多款不到20K的車。
現(xiàn)在每輛電動汽車都是SUV，因為這樣的話它們能要求更高的價格，因為生產(chǎn)成本更高，便宜的非SUV電動汽車以后才會推出。我想知道不到3萬美元的特斯拉在哪里？為什么每個人對大眾的定價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和特斯拉的要求不一樣，哈哈，哦對了，特斯拉用的是iPad而不是實用的按鈕，我忘了，哈哈。
 
@derriegel5705
The statement at 12:00 is just completely wrong.
It is not the EU's fault that Volkswagen is struggling (though US media always likes to blame it for everything, as this fits their agenda). Outlawing new petrol-driven cars by 2035 was not the trigger, it was just where the industry has been moving anyway, and that has been the problem for VW until today, regardless of some EU law. VW ignored new trends like digitization end electric vehicles far too long. And let me be clear, that is not only a management issue, but also the workforce was putting up a heavy fight against any sort of modernization, as electric vehicles need less people to be built. Well, now the bill for sleeping on innovation for too long comes due.
Even now, Volkswagen is making their cheaper electric cars deliberately unattractive with lower ranges etc., just to have something that sets their most expensive cars apart, which leads to only one thing: None of their cars is competitive in their price range.
 
12:00的那段話完全錯誤。
并不是因為歐盟的錯，大眾才會陷入困境（盡管美國媒體總喜歡把所有責(zé)任歸咎于歐盟，因為這符合他們的議程）。到2035年禁止銷售新款燃油車并不是問題的根源，這只是行業(yè)趨勢的自然發(fā)展。直到今天，這一直是大眾面臨的問題，無論是否有歐盟的相關(guān)法律。大眾忽視了數(shù)字化和電動汽車等新趨勢太久了。讓我明確一下，這不僅是管理的問題，工人也在強(qiáng)烈抵制任何形式的現(xiàn)代化，因為電動汽車的生產(chǎn)需要更少的人力。好吧，現(xiàn)在長期睡在創(chuàng)新上的賬單終于到了。
即使到現(xiàn)在，大眾依然故意讓他們廉價的電動汽車變得不吸引人，在續(xù)航等方面都較低，只是為了讓他們最貴的車型與眾不同，而這只會帶來一個結(jié)果：他們的車在同價位區(qū)間毫無競爭力。
 
@Entertainment4fun03
While I agree with every single aspect, I would like to point out that VW is slowly rolling out models that are more competitive and affordable, such as the ID 1 and 2 (2026)
 
雖然我同意你說的每一個方面，但我想指出大眾正在逐步推出更具競爭力和更實惠的車型，例如ID 1和ID 2（2026年）。
 
@derriegel5705
@Entertainment4fun03 I honestly disagree. Yes, the ID 1 will be more affordable, but with a range of 250km, I don't think that it will be competitive at the end of 2026. If it was 350km for the same price, that could work.
The frustrating part is that VW could build such a car easily, they just choose not to because they fear that the ID 1 would then start eating into the market share of the ID 3 and ID 5. So VW chooses to spread bad sales numbers across their entire portfolio instead of just building one car, that is loved and bought by everyone, which was their original success story.
 
@Entertainment4fun03 老實說我并不同意。是的，ID 1會更實惠，但續(xù)航僅250公里，我認(rèn)為到2026年底它不會具備競爭力。如果它在相同價格下有350公里的續(xù)航，那可能會行得通。
令人沮喪的部分是大眾其實可以輕松打造出這樣的車，但他們選擇不這么做，因為他們害怕ID 1會開始搶占ID 3和ID 5的市場份額。所以，大眾選擇把糟糕的銷售數(shù)據(jù)分散到整個車系，而不是只做一款大家都喜愛并購買的車，而這曾是他們最初的成功故事。
 
@adityaxxanand
Those look like a joke when compared to Indian cars like mahindra BE 6 or BE9, TATA's harrier Ev
 
與印度汽車如馬恒達(dá)BE 6或BE9，塔塔的哈里爾電動汽車相比，這些看起來像個笑話。
 
@noctifer4297
its still stupid to rule out any petrol driven cars by a certain year, while you do everything tax whise to make them uneconomical at the same time (co2 pricing and emission trade -which is good because it is market driven not just a regulation halt). If the market and especially Chinese demand is shifting anyway why you have to forbid it? - to cause more unecessary sentiments and hate towards the eu? congratulations you succeed.
VW, Daimler and BMW all have company policies which rule out combustine engines way earlier than the eu so this makes no change at all anyway .. its just plain stupid to forbid it legislative.
 
通過立法規(guī)定某年后排除所有燃油車，同時又通過稅收手段讓燃油車變得不經(jīng)濟(jì)（碳定價和排放交易——這實際上是市場驅(qū)動的，而不是僅僅通過法規(guī)叫停）仍然是愚蠢的做法。如果市場，尤其是中國的需求已經(jīng)發(fā)生變化，為什么還要禁止呢？——是為了引發(fā)更多不必要的情緒和對歐盟的仇恨嗎？恭喜你們成功了。
大眾、戴姆勒和寶馬都有比歐盟更早排除燃油車的公司政策，所以這根本不會帶來任何變化……立法禁止這件事簡直就是愚蠢。
 
@Phantasmalicious
Its in trouble, because it sells their ID.3 in China for 20k but demands 40k in Germany. Tariffs are 36%. Make it make sense.
 
這事兒可太離譜了——ID.3在中國賣2萬，到了德國卻要價4萬，關(guān)稅明明只有36%。這賬怎么算都不對勁！
 
@SevenBee-q2j
@Phantasmalicious .. In China the BYD Seagull, certainly as well built and a better drive starts at .. $7,000 .. Make it make sense.
 
在中國，比亞迪海鷗的制造工藝當(dāng)然不遜色，駕駛體驗更佳，起價僅為7000美元。解釋一下這個邏輯。
 
@ekesandras1481
the VW models sold in China are also built in China, that's why they are cheaper there. The EU has quite a lot of taxes and tariffs for imported cars, or why do you think almost all car manufacturers have built a factory within the EU, in Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Czech Republic, Portugal, etc.
 
在中國銷售的大眾汽車型號也是在中國制造的，這就是它們在那里更便宜的原因。歐盟對進(jìn)口汽車征收了大量的稅費(fèi)和關(guān)稅，否則你以為為什么幾乎所有汽車制造商都在歐盟內(nèi)部（如斯洛伐克、匈牙利、羅馬尼亞、捷克共和國、葡萄牙等地）建立了工廠？
 
@zhengyin3710
VW has no other choice in china due to the fierce competition and price war. Otherwise, it is going to lose all potential consumers. ID 3 does not have the unique and irreplaceable techs which enables it to be sold at higher price that the models from rivials.
 
由于激烈的競爭和價格戰(zhàn)，大眾在中國的選擇不多。否則，它將失去所有潛在的消費(fèi)者。ID 3并沒有獨特且不可替代的技術(shù)使其能夠以高于競爭對手車型的價格出售。
 
@razvanyke
Nobody mentions anything about the drop in quality after 2019 .. the difference between a KIA Ceed and a VW Gold today is not 2, 3 times better anymore. I drive a 2018 Passat and it′s perfect, VW should focus on quality and premium price and not save pennies at every piece of plastic. They need a VW Golf II again .. but now there is no Ferdinand Piech anymore. US fines for dieselgate did not helped also, the consequences do not come 1 month later .. but years, as we can see.
 
沒人提到2019年后質(zhì)量下降的問題……如今起亞Ceed與大眾高爾夫的差距不再是兩三倍。我開的是2018款的帕薩特，它完美無瑕，大眾應(yīng)該專注于品質(zhì)和高價定位，而不是在每塊塑料上省幾分錢。他們需要再造一款高爾夫II……但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有費(fèi)迪南德·皮耶希了。美國的“柴油門”罰款也沒有幫上忙，如我們所見，后果不會在一個月后顯現(xiàn)，而是會在多年后顯現(xiàn)。
 
@saellenx3528
People no longer can or want to buy so called "Premium" price that doesnt even have half of the stuff cheaper Chinese version has. You just named one of their main problems without even realising it.
 
消費(fèi)者已經(jīng)不愿（也無力）為所謂的"高端溢價"買單——尤其是當(dāng)這些產(chǎn)品連中國平價版本一半的配置都沒有時。你剛剛無意間點破了他們的核心困境。
 
@Master_Paladin
this is why I don't believe they can bounce back, VW doesn't even know where's the problem and they're running out of time.
 
這就是為什么我不相信他們能東山再起，大眾甚至不知道問題出在哪里，而且他們的時間不多了。
 
@matthewbaynham6286
Hang on the reason for the industrial action come from when Volkswagen made a massive payment to it's shareholders, and the trade unx's response was that if there was so much money to give to the shareholders then the workers should see some of that. Volkswagen's response was complaining about all sorts of things says that because of lack of sales in China they would have cut back production in Germany, when in reality the cars Volkswagen sells in China are made in China.
Volkswagen tells shareholders things are fantastic and tells it's unx things are terrible.
Notice how in the beginning of this video it mentioned how there was a crises at Volkswagen because the profit isn't so high, well if there is still profits then it's not much of a crises.
 
等等，引發(fā)勞工行動的原因是大眾向股東支付了巨額股息，工會回應(yīng)說如果有這么多錢分給股東，工人也應(yīng)該分得一些。大眾的反應(yīng)是抱怨各種問題，稱由于在中國市場銷量不足，他們將削減德國的生產(chǎn)，而實際上大眾在中國銷售的車輛都是在中國制造的。
大眾對股東說一切都很美好，對工會卻說情況很糟糕。
注意視頻開頭提到大眾因利潤不高而面臨危機(jī)，好吧，如果還有利潤，那這算不上什么大危機(jī)。
 
@JLneonhug
This documentary didn't really appriciate the magnitude of the fines of the diesel gate scandal.
Vehicles make low margins, and rely on volume to make the profits. Since the scandal, the books were red already and to do a shift in technology (ie away from diesel) it's a double bubble of costs.
They skimped on quality with the interiors (which is what traditionally Europeans brands strength).
Lack of innovation/improvements from generation to generation as they move the previous gens to lesser brands (ie skoda) which eats away from their premium brands (Audi/premium vw) lowering their desire for purchase.
Generally making their cars very generic cookie cutter style setups to attempt to save costs in production.
A collection of wrong plays making them very uncompetitive/unattractive.
Sit in a Skoda now and can barely tell the difference between the premium line up of Audi. Certainly not 30-40% adder value.
 
這部紀(jì)錄片并未真正認(rèn)識到“柴油門”丑聞罰款的嚴(yán)重性。
汽車的利潤率低，依賴銷量來盈利。自丑聞以來，會計賬本已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)赤字，技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)型（即遠(yuǎn)離柴油）帶來了雙倍的成本。
他們在內(nèi)飾上偷工減料（這歷來是歐洲品牌的強(qiáng)項）。
代際之間缺乏創(chuàng)新和改進(jìn)，將上一代產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)移到次級品牌（如斯柯達(dá)），侵蝕了高端品牌（奧迪/高端大眾）的吸引力，降低了購買欲望。
普遍采用千篇一律的模板式設(shè)計，試圖在生產(chǎn)中節(jié)約成本。
一系列錯誤決策使他們極度缺乏競爭力/吸引力。
現(xiàn)在坐進(jìn)斯柯達(dá)，你幾乎感覺不到與奧迪高端系列的區(qū)別，當(dāng)然它沒有30-40%的溢價。
 
@jasonmugridge
VW didn’t sleep walk into their problems it was a choice, short term gains for long term pain. In the video they talk about the VW Santana in China, but what it failed to mention was they sold this car for almost 40 years! The Chinese consumer just wanted the newer products that VW’s western customers were getting. This was the catalyst that gave a massive leg up to so many Chinese rivals and forever tarnished VW/Audis image.
 
大眾并非稀里糊涂陷入困境，這是他們的選擇，短期的利益換來了長期的痛苦。視頻中提到了中國的桑塔納，但未提及的是他們的這款車賣了近40年！中國消費(fèi)者只想要大眾西方客戶能買到的更新產(chǎn)品，這成為了許多中國競爭對手崛起的催化劑，也永遠(yuǎn)玷污了大眾/奧迪的形象。
 
@alexmuller3163
Classic FT. VW is weak because they cannot fire more workers. The problem at Volkswagen is the management and the Piech owners. The workers are working as hard as ever. They even secured the CAM award for Most Innovations this year. Management, on the other hand, has made one big mistake after another (diesel, Caraid, etc.). But who had to cut jobs and salaries? The workers only.
If management is not held accountable and learns to take responsibility, it will be the end. They will ruin the product in the name of profit, and then they will go under. It's a story as old as business. The only things stopping them at the moment are the workers' council and the state.
 
典型的《金融時報》。大眾的弱點在于他們不能裁掉更多工人，大眾的問題出在管理和皮耶希家族所有者。工人們一如既往地努力工作，他們今年甚至獲得了CAM最創(chuàng)新獎。另一方面，管理層接連犯下大錯（柴油門、Caraid等），但承擔(dān)裁員和減薪的是誰？只有工人。
如果管理層不被問責(zé)，不學(xué)會承擔(dān)責(zé)任，那就完了。他們會以盈利為名毀掉產(chǎn)品，然后破產(chǎn)，這在商業(yè)史上是老生常談的故事，目前唯一阻止他們的是工人委員會和政府。
 
@JH-uu7jl
I agree with the point about management being responsible for significant losses from the emissions cheating scandal and the in-house software blunder. However, I think it's also true that VW has too many workers on the production line. EVs have fewer parts that need human assembly or placement. Unless VW increases volume production to offset the decrease in complexity, VW will need to decrease headcount at both the labor level and the management level. This would be true even if management had not lost billions of Euros by cheating emissions and attempting to start a software company.
 
我同意管理層應(yīng)當(dāng)為排放造假丑聞和自研軟件災(zāi)難導(dǎo)致的巨額損失負(fù)責(zé)。但另一個事實是：大眾產(chǎn)線上的員工實在太多了。電動汽車所需的人工組裝環(huán)節(jié)本就少得多，除非大眾能通過擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)量來抵消復(fù)雜度下降的影響，否則必然要裁員——從基層工人到管理層無一幸免。即便沒有因排放作弊和軟件公司敗筆損失數(shù)十億歐元，這個結(jié)構(gòu)性難題依然存在。
 
@tobiwan001
Behind the curve. They are lading again. Look at the sales figures. They also completely wiped out Tesla from the EV market. They are also back with their innovative edge. This article would have been correct 2-3 years ago.
 
他們之前落后于潮流，現(xiàn)在他們又領(lǐng)先了?？纯翠N售數(shù)據(jù)，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們在電動汽車市場上完全擊敗了特斯拉。他們的創(chuàng)新優(yōu)勢也回來了。這篇文章在2-3年前可能是正確的。
 
@flightlinexp1988
Only because of dirt cheap leasing deals, "selling cars" at a loss and lots of company cars are VW Group cars.
 
大眾集團(tuán)所謂的"賣車"，不過是靠白菜價租賃、虧本促銷和公務(wù)車采購撐場面罷了。
 
@tobiwan001
@flightlinexp1988 which is not true of course. The company makes a profit while almost no EV company in China makes a profit. Tesla makes almost no profits.
But there is real overcapacity in the market because the US and China heavily subsidize the companies to keep them in the market.
 
當(dāng)然，這不是真的。這家公司有盈利，而中國幾乎沒有電動車公司盈利，特斯拉也幾乎沒有利潤。
但市場確實存在產(chǎn)能過剩，因為美國和中國大力補(bǔ)貼公司以維持市場。
 
@kinngrimm
It can work out for VW, if their entry level car has enough of the functionality in its base configuration and not as addons that would increase the base cost.
 
如果大眾的入門級車型能在基礎(chǔ)配置中就包含足夠功能（而非通過選裝件抬高成本），這個策略或許能奏效。
 
@clbeswick8453
The last 60 seconds of this report is the most revealing. It speaks to a legacy, unyielding, shareholder-shackled manufacturer, and sounds like hubris on steroids. "Too big to fail". A statement you might once have heard come out of the mouth of someone like Jack Welch...
 
這份報告的最后60秒最為發(fā)人深省——它揭示了一個被歷史包袱束縛、股東掣肘的制造商，言語間充斥著膨脹到極點的傲慢。"大而不倒"這種論調(diào)，簡直像是杰克·韋爾奇（注：通用電氣前CEO，以激進(jìn)管理著稱）之流才會吐出的狂言。
 
@Ashisheretoo
The one world goverment will become a requirement to smooth out major discrepancies, as highlighted in the auto industry. Then its the end.
 
世界政府終將成為調(diào)和重大分歧的必要選擇，正如汽車行業(yè)所展現(xiàn)的那樣，然后就是終結(jié)之時。
 
@fritsgerms3565
My money is on VW. Getting to the top is much easier than staying there. Modern combustion engines are pretty darn good and it will take time to transition. By the time the transition is not-a-transition anymore, I think VW will be in a good position in the EU.
 
我押注大眾。登頂容易守成難，現(xiàn)代內(nèi)燃機(jī)車已經(jīng)相當(dāng)出色，轉(zhuǎn)型需要時間。等到轉(zhuǎn)型不再是轉(zhuǎn)型時，大眾在歐洲的地位應(yīng)該不錯。
 
@Max-ve5tu
Volkswagen's workers unx is going to set worker rights back decades if they continue to behave this irrationally. Sometimes layoffs and factory closures are necessary.
 
大眾工會若繼續(xù)如此不理性，只會讓工人權(quán)益倒退幾十年。有時候裁員關(guān)廠是必要的。
 
@ulrichsuter3548
I wouldn't count the German car industry out! Just because there are a ton of cheap, subsidised Chinese cars on the market, these might be merely a part of the next Chinese Evergranda on wheels... while Germany has a strong refocus on their core competence - engineering. See BMW new class, ID7 with the most efficient electric motors and upxed safey features with best in class range. Furthermore, I wonder how Huaweys and BYD will age...
 
別小看德國汽車業(yè)！市場上那些廉價的中國補(bǔ)貼汽車，搞不好就是下一個"輪子上的恒大"...而德國正重拾核心優(yōu)勢——工程技術(shù)?？纯磳汃R的"新世代"，還有ID7搭載的最高效的電機(jī)、升級安全功能和同級最佳續(xù)航。再說了，華為和比亞迪的車經(jīng)得起時間考驗嗎...
 
@pragadeeshwaranselvaraju3119
High investment in R&D of EVs in China
Launch cool hybrid cars for the rest of the world
Uber cool redesign of Gasoline cars
Focus on premiumisation of hybrid cars and EV cars
Mass sell Polo and Golf like models of Gasoline cars
Best way to be on track and get the global top spot
 
在中國大力投資電動車研發(fā)
為全球推出炫酷的混動車
徹底重新設(shè)計燃油車
聚焦混動和電動車的豪華化
大量銷售Polo和高爾夫這類燃油車
這才是登頂全球的正確姿勢
 
@hustlingandbustling
Germany's leaders will ensure that vw is not able to produce an affordable car, unfortunately turning Russian cheap energy supply back on is the only solution, therefore there will be no solution.
 
德國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會確保大眾造不出平價車，可惜重啟俄羅斯廉價能源是唯一解，所以這事無解。
 
@jeroencrabbe
I drive a ID4 company car since 2023. Had Tesla Y option too, but that could not tow. The ID4 is not a bad car except the infotainment software is ludicrously bad. Gotten better in new models I read, but older models dont get that. If I had a choice now I would buy the smaller Renault R5 EV.
 
我2023年起開公司配的ID4。我本來能選Model Y，但它不能拖掛。ID4除了那套可笑的車機(jī)系統(tǒng)外還不錯。據(jù)說新款有改進(jìn)，但老款享受不到?，F(xiàn)在要我自己買，我會選小點的雷諾R5電動版。
 
@MaticTheProto
I remember sitting in an id 4 when it cane out and the system was worse than my 2018 a class… Otherwise it’s probably really good. Might have been improved by now
 
我記得ID4剛上市時坐進(jìn)去試過，車機(jī)系統(tǒng)比我2018款A(yù)級車還差...其他方面應(yīng)該不錯?，F(xiàn)在可能改進(jìn)了。
 
@Martinko_Pcik
I don't understand why VW didn't leave china yet. Nobody buys their ICE vehicles there and in EV space Chinese are losing money themselves due to competition trying to starve each other. VW relies on SAIC, Chinese company on EV technology as does GM in China.
 
我搞不懂大眾為何還不退出中國，沒人買他們的燃油車，電動汽車領(lǐng)域中國企業(yè)自己都在虧本廝殺。大眾的電動汽車技術(shù)依賴上汽，就像通用在中國一樣。
 
@Laomai24
It’s really hard to imagine that VW will be able to dig itself out of this hole. Because, one single word can sums it up, that was/ is the attitude of the entire VW Group. HUBRIS! A few years ago when the Chinese engineers working day and night to come up with solutions for the challenges of the EV manufacturing the VW engineers and management were very dismissive of ALL Chinese efforts. You only had to meet them for a Beer in Bars in SanLiTun / Beijing and bring up the subject of EVs vis'a' vis China. you would always get the same response, "what!? China!? No way " flowed by a laughter and a few derogatory comments. Now, VW is so far behind that it’s impossible to see how they could catch up. They are still struggling with building the Box that houses the batteries. It’s made of Aluminum and they can’t weld them or come up with fastener solution that will stop water leaking into the box. This is only one problem they are still struggling with. there are many other serious problems they have, including motors, Ai etc.
 
很難想象大眾能爬出這個坑，因為用一個詞就能概括整個大眾集團(tuán)的態(tài)度：傲慢！幾年前中國工程師日夜攻克電動車制造難題時，大眾的工程師和管理層對中國所有的努力都不屑一顧。只要在北京三里屯酒吧請他們喝杯酒聊起中國的電動汽車，總會得到同樣回應(yīng)："啥？中國？不可能！"然后就是一陣嘲笑和貶低?，F(xiàn)在大眾落后太多了，根本追不上。他們連電池鋁制外殼的焊接和防水緊固方案都搞不定，這還只是眾多難題中的一個，電機(jī)、AI等方面問題更嚴(yán)重。